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histology > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the conducting portions of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavities
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi to terminal bronchi

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2
Q

what are the respiratory portions of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveoli

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3
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

air conduction
air filtration
gas exchange
carries stimuli for sense of smell
sound production
regulation of immune response to inhaled antigens

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4
Q

what are the nasal cavities?

A

bony and cartilaginous paired chambers
communicates anteriorly through the nares and posteriorly with nasopharynx through choanae
communicates with paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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5
Q

epithelium of the vestibule of the nares

A

stratified squamous, keratinized or nonkeratinized & lamina propria

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6
Q

what do sebaceous glands do in the nares?

A

help entrap particles

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7
Q

what are vibrissae?

A

hairs in the vestibule of the nares

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8
Q

what happens posterior to the vestibule?

A

transition to pseudo stratified epithelium
sebaceous glands are absent

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9
Q

where is the olfactory region located?

A

at the dome of each nasal cavity

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10
Q

what are the specialized olfactory mucosa?

A

pseudostratified, olfactory receptor, supporting, basal, brush

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11
Q

what are olfactory receptor cells? what is special about them?

A

bipolar neurons that span the thickness of the epithelium
modified cilia that extend into overlying mucus

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12
Q

what are supporting cells? what is special about them?

A

columnar cells, more apical microvilli and abundant mitochondria
only adherens junctions are present

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13
Q

what do supporting cells do?

A

provide mechanical and metabolic support for olfactory receptor cells
secrete odorant binding proteins

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14
Q

what are basal cells? what is special about them?

A

stem cells which give rise to olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells
small, round cells, located close to basal lamina

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15
Q

what are brush cells? what is special about them?

A

columnar cell with microvilli on apical surface
bitter taste receptors present
basal surface is in contact with nerve fibers from CN III

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16
Q

what are brush cells involved in?

A

transduction of general and chemo sensation from the mucosa

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17
Q

what are Bowman’s (olfactory) glands?

A

tubuloalveolar serous gland

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18
Q

what do Bowman’s glands do?

A

deliver proteinaceous secretions to olfactory surface
serve as trap and solvent for odoriferous substances

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19
Q

what are the five cell types in the respiratory mucosa?

A

ciliated, goblet, brush, small granule, basal

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20
Q

what is lined by the respiratory mucosa?

A

bony trabeculae

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21
Q

what is in the respiratory mucosa?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria, extensive network of veins

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22
Q

what does lamina propria attach to in the nasal cavity?

A

periosteum and perichondrium of adjacent bone/cartilage

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23
Q

support in the larynx

A

provided by irregularly shaped plates of hyaline and elastic cartilage

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24
Q

what does the mucosa form in the larynx?

A

two folds, vestibular and vocal
space between is the ventricle

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25
Q

vestibular folds epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar, contains seromucous glands within

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26
Q

vocal folds epithelium

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
muscular area near it

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27
Q

what is the vestibule of the larynx made of?

A

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (where epithelium transitions between the folds)

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28
Q

what are the four definable layers of the trachea and bronchi?

A

mucosa, submucosa, cartilaginous, adventitia

29
Q

what is the epithelium of trachea and bronchi made of

A

PSCC, goblet cells, basal cells, small granule cells, brush cells

30
Q

what is the lamina propria of the trachea and bronchi made of?
where is it located?

A

basement membrane and elastic fibers
deep to the basal lamina

31
Q

what is the submucosa

A

dense CT with mucous and seromucous glands, rich blood and lymph supply

32
Q

cartilaginous trachea and bronchi

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage
keeps trachea from collapsing on self

33
Q

adventitia

A

CT that binds the trachea to adjacent structures, with smooth muscle

34
Q

what are small granule cells

A

aka enteroendocrine cells
occur singly and are sparsely dispersed
located near basement membrane
more cytoplasm than basal cells

35
Q

what do small granule cells do?

A

secrete catecholamine, serotonin, calcitonin, gastrin releasing peptide

36
Q

where is the basement membrane? what does it contain?

A

beneath tracheal epithelium
appears glassy or homogenous light-staining layer
contains densely packed collagenous fibers

37
Q

what is lamina propria

A

dense CT, collagenous and elastic fibers

38
Q

what does lamina propria contain?

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts
lymphatic tissue
extensive elastic fibers near boundary

39
Q

what is the elastic membrane?

A

boundary between mucosa and submucosa

40
Q

what is submucosa?

A

dense CT
contains diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules
large distributing vessels and lymphatics

41
Q

what are the submucosal glands?

A

mucous and serous
ducts with simple cuboidal epithelium
most numerous on posterior aspect of trachea where hyaline cartilage is lacking

42
Q

what does submucosa blend with?

A

perichondrium of cartilage layer

43
Q

where is adventitia found? what does it contain?

A

peripheral to cartilages and trachealis muscle
contains large blood/lymphatics vessels, nerves

44
Q

what does adventitia do?

A

binds trachea to adjacent structures in neck

45
Q

what is involved in the muco-ciliary escalator?

A

goblet cells, submucosal glands, ciliary cells

46
Q

what is the function of the muco-ciliary escalator?

A

goblet cells release gel and submucosal cells release a solution
there is a balance between the solution and gel
this allows the cilia to beat freely

47
Q

what are complications of the muco-ciliary escalator?

A

kartagener’s syndrome (dynein) - immotile
excess serous secretion
excess mucus production

48
Q

what are the five layers of the bronchi?

A

mucosa
muscularis mucosa (SM, long elastic fibers)
submucosa (glands/adipose)
cartilage (plates)
adventitia (moderately dense CT)

49
Q

what is different about the mucosa of the bronchi?

A

height of the cells decreases, BM reduces, lamina propria reduces

50
Q

what are distinguishing features of the bronchi layers?

A

irregular shaped cartilage plates that become smaller and less numerous
circular layer of SM that decreases as cartilage decreases and may appear discontinuous

51
Q

bronchiole mucosa

A

simple, ciliated columnar to cuboidal
contains Clara cells
NO glands or goblet cells

52
Q

what are Clara cells? what do they do?

A

dome shaped, serous material
secrete surface active agent that prevents lumen adhesion (secretory protein is CC16)

53
Q

bronchiole adventitia

A

smooth muscle with no cartilaginous plates except maybe at branching points

54
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

transition zone
allow for both air conduction and gas exchange

55
Q

respiratory bronchioles histology

A

ciliated cuboidal cells with alveolar out pockets
alveoli lined by capillaries
no goblet cells, few Clara cells, gradual loss of cilia

56
Q

what are alveolar ducts

A

elongated airways that have almost no wall, only alveoli as their peripheral boundary
rings of smooth muscle

57
Q

what are alveolar sacs?

A

spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

58
Q

what are alveoli

A

terminal air spaces of the respiratory system surrounded by a network of capillaries
site of gas exchange

59
Q

alveoli histology

A

simple squamous epithelium composed of pneumocytes which rest on a basal lamina

60
Q

what is a type I pneumocyte

A

flat-squamous cell with a large SA for gas exchange
40% of the cells, 95% of alveolar surface

61
Q

what are type I pneumocytes connected by

A

occluding junctions and desmosomes

62
Q

what are type II pneumocytes

A

cuboidal shape, bulge into airspace
usually located in corners where alveoli meet
5% of surface, 60% of cells

63
Q

what do type II pneumocytes do

A

contain lamellar bodies that produce surfactant

64
Q

what do alveolar macrophages do

A

remove inhaled particulate fro air spaces
they may pass up the bronchial tree in the mucus to be disposed of

65
Q

where are septal macrophages found

A

CT of inter alveolar septa

66
Q

what do brush cells in the alveolar wall do

A

monitor air quality

67
Q

what is the air blood barrier

A

cells and cell products that gases must diffuse across between alveolar and capillary compartments

68
Q

what are the needs for gas exchange to occur

A

surfactant, type I pneumocyte, epithelium BM, CT, endothelium BM, endothelium cell, dust cell

histology (15 decks)

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