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histology > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four tissue types?

A

muscle, nerve, epithelium, connective tissue

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2
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose and dense

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3
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

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4
Q

what are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

regular, irregular, elastic

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5
Q

what does connective tissue vary in?

A

structure, function, and content of cells and ECM

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6
Q

what are stromal cells?

A

class of connective tissue cells that build the infrastructure of any organ

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7
Q

what are the types of stromal cells?

A

resident and transient

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8
Q

what produces the contents of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

stromal cells

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9
Q

what are the contents of the ECM?

A

protein fibers and ground substance

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10
Q

what kinds of protein fibers are found in ECM?

A

collagen, reticular, and elastic

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11
Q

what is ground substance?

A

amorphous mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and H2O
holds everything
appears kind of transparent on slides

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12
Q

what are the types of resident cells?

A

fibroblast/fibrocyte
adipocyte
CT specific cells (chondrocyte, osteocyte, etc)
macrophage
mast cell

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13
Q

what are the types of transient cells?

A

plasma cell
lymphocyte
basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil

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14
Q

what cells have a hematopoietic origin?

A

macrophage, mast cell, transient cells

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15
Q

fibroblast

A

principle cell type of most CT
active, increased ECM protein synthesis
abundant, branched basophilic cytoplasm

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16
Q

what do fibroblasts look like?

A

large, prominent, oval, pale staining nucleus

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17
Q

fibrocyte

A

inactive, decreased ECM protein synthesis

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18
Q

what do fibrocytes look like?

A

smaller, darker, elongated nucleus

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19
Q

white adipose

A

contain a single lipid droplet per cell, function to insulate, protect, provide energy, hormone production

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20
Q

what does white adipose look like?

A

large polyhedral or spherical cells
flattened, peripheral nucleus

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21
Q

brown adipose

A

abundant in newborns, limited in adults
contain multiple lipid droplets per cell
generate heat

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22
Q

what does brown adipose look like?

A

smaller polygonal cells

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23
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

phagocytosis of bacteria/debris

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24
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

responses to allergens that bind IgE, secrete heparin, histamine, inflammatory mediators

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25
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

produce antibodies

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26
Q

what do lymphocytes (B and T cells) do?

A

involved in innate and acquired immunity

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27
Q

what do basophil do?

A

secrete heparin, histamin, inflammatory mediators

28
Q

what do eosinophil do?

A

anti-microbial

29
Q

what do neutrophil do?

A

phagocytosis of bacteria/debris

30
Q

collagen fibers

A

strong, flexible, high tensile strength
make up 25% of all protein in the human body

31
Q

how many types of collagen fibers are there?

A

29, via configuration of 42 types of alpha chains

32
Q

what are collagen fibers composed of?

A

subunits called collagen fibrils that are made up of collagen molecules

33
Q

how are fibrillar collagen aligned?

A

monomers associate head to tail in overlapping, staggered rows
forms long fibrils

34
Q

how are sheet collagen aligned?

A

monomers associate head to head and tail to tail
form a meshwork

35
Q

how many types of collagen are there?

A

4

36
Q

what are reticular fibers composed of?

A

type III collagen fibrils (3 alpha 1 chains)

37
Q

reticular fibers

A

thinner than collagen
branched, forming a meshwork-like configuration

38
Q

how are reticular fibers visible?

A

stain with PAS and silver salts

39
Q

what are elastic fibers composed of?

A

an elastin core, elastin protein and fibrillar glycoprotein

40
Q

elastic fibers

A

thinner and interwoven compared to collagen
branched and stretch to limit tearing

41
Q

what kinds of carbohydrates are contained in ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans (PG), multi adhesive glycoproteins (MAPs)

42
Q

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

most abundant heteropolysaccharide in ground substance
most negatively charged
most are post-translationally linked/bound to core proteins forming proteoglycans

43
Q

proteoglycans

A

GAGs covalently bound to core proteins which facilitate ECM and cell-ECM organization

44
Q

multi adhesive glycoproteins (MAPs)

A

small group of proteins facilitate ECM stabilization via binding sites for a variety of ECM proteins

45
Q

loose CT

A

has fewer protein fibers and more ground substance

46
Q

dense CT

A

has more protein fibers and less ground substance
(found in tendons and ligaments)

47
Q
A

loose areolar CT
an abundance of ground substance, plus a few thin protein fibers

48
Q
A

adipose loose CT

49
Q
A

reticular loose CT
reticular fibers are the most predominant

50
Q
A

regular dense CT
high density, parallel fibers

51
Q
A

irregular dense CT
multidirectional fibers

52
Q
A

elastin dense CT
significant embedded elastin

53
Q
A

elastic fiber

54
Q
A

collagen fiber

55
Q
A

mast cell
large cells with dark staining cytoplasmic granules

56
Q
A

lymphocyte
small cells with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio

57
Q
A

macrophage
small and irregular nuclei

58
Q
A

papillary layer left, reticular layer right

59
Q

what is the origin of connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme

60
Q

what are collagen molecules made of?

A

polypeptide triple helix alpha chains

61
Q

collagen type I principle tissue distribution

A

loose and dense ordinary connective tissue
collagen fibers

62
Q

collagen type I cells of origin

A

fibroblasts and reticular cells
smooth muscle cells

63
Q

collagen type III principle tissue distribution

A

loose connective tissue
reticular fibers
papillary layer of dermis

64
Q

collagen type III cells of origin

A

fibroblasts and reticular cells

65
Q

collagen type IV principle tissue distribution

A

basement membranes

66
Q

collagen type IV cells of origin

A

epithelial and endothelial cells

histology (15 decks)

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