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histology > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of microscope?

A

light, fluorescent, and electron

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2
Q

how does bright field microscopy work?

A

light rays emitted, condenser focuses rays onto a sample, light that is absorbed produces contrast, objective lens captures the rays

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3
Q

what is the product of bright field?

A

magnified version of sample

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4
Q

what is the limit of resolution?

A

the extent to which a microscope can distinguish fine details in the specimen as separate, distinct points

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5
Q

why is phase contrast used?

A

enables us to visualize unstained, live cells

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6
Q

how does phase contrast work?

A

shows difference in refractive index parts of cells as different areas of brightness and darkness
due to phase plate being between illumination source and condenser lens

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7
Q

why is dark field microscopy used?

A

to visualize small structures

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8
Q

how does dark field microscopy work?

A

an opaque disc is placed on the center of the condenser so light only passes around its edges which results in light scattering

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9
Q

what are the types of electron microscopes?

A

transmission (specimen must be thin) and scanning (3D)

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10
Q

what is the function of electron microscopy?

A

to increase the resolving power of the microscope

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11
Q

what is the purpose of atomic force microscopy?

A

to study surface topography at molecular and atomic resolution

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12
Q

what is immune staining?

A

the process of identifying proteins in tissue sections, incubating with antibodies specific to protein of interest, then visualizing the bound antibody using a chromogen

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13
Q

what are the steps for preparing tissues for microscopy?

A

fixation (usually with aldehydes)
dehydration (alcohol)
clearing (xylene)
embedding (paraffin)
sectioning
staining

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14
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

boundary and permeability barrier
organization and localization of function
transport process
signal detection
cell-to-cell communication

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15
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components
has a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads pointed out and hydrophobic tails away from the aqueous surface

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16
Q

are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

yes (hydrophobic and hydrophilic)

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17
Q

what regulates the rigidity of the membrane?

A

cholesterol

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18
Q

what does the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer consist of?

A

phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin, and glycolipids

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19
Q

what does the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer consist of?

A

aminophospholipids (phosphatidyl serine, ethanolamine, inositol)

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20
Q

what contributes a negative charge in the inner membrane?

A

phosphatidyl serine

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21
Q

what does protein kinase C bind to? when?

A

PKC binds to negatively charged phosphatidyl serine on the inner membrane when active

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22
Q

what is essential for PKC function?

A

negatively charged environment

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23
Q

what is phosphoinositol involved in?

A

signal transduction

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24
Q

what are the functions of membrane carbohydrates?

A

protection, lubrication, cell to cell recognition, adhesion

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25
Q

what is glycocalyx?

A

carbohydrate coat on the cell surface

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26
Q

what are some specializations of the plasma membrane?

A

microvilli, stereocilia

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27
Q

what are the two primary mechanisms for molecular transport across the membrane?

A

passive and active

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28
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

a process by which extracellular materials are captured and enclosed within membrane bound carriers that invaginate and pinch off cytoplasm from membrane

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29
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

process where intracellular molecules like hormones, antibodies etc contained within a membrane-bound vesicle discharged outside of a cell by fusion of vesicle with plasma membrane of a cell

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30
Q

endocytosis

A
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31
Q

what coated proteins are involved in endocytosis/exocytosis?

A

clathrin and caveolin

32
Q

exocytosis

A
33
Q

what are caveoli?

A

invaginations braced by the protein calveolin

34
Q

what is potocytosis?

A

surface caveoli concentrate substances from the extracellular space and transport them into the cell

35
Q

what is transcytosis?

A

caveoli are used to transport materials from the extracellular space on one side to extracellular space on the other side

36
Q

general features of the nucleus

A

site within eukaryotic cell where chromosomes are localized and replicated
where DNA is selectively transcribed

37
Q

what does the eukaryocyte do?

A

compartmentalizes activities of the cell’s genome, both replication and transcription, from the rest of the cellular metabolism

38
Q

what does the nuclear envelope consist of?

A

inner and outer nuclear membrane, perinuclear space

39
Q

how is the inner nuclear membrane supported?

A

by a rigid network of protein filaments attached to its inner surface called nuclear lamina
also contains specific laminate receipts that bind to chromosomes and secure attachment of the nuclear lamina

40
Q

what is the perinuclear space filled with? what do its contents do?

A

filled with fluid, continuous with ER
protects and regulates the function of the genome

41
Q

how is the nuclear pore formed? what is if lined with?

A

formed by the fusion of the two membranes of the nuclear envelope
lined with nuclear pore complex

42
Q

what does the nuclear pore complex provide?

A

direct contact between the cytosol and nucleoplasm

43
Q

what is the nuclear lamina?

A

a thin electron-dense protein layer which acts as a nucleoskeleton

44
Q

what does the nuclear lamina do?

A

serves as a scaffolding for chromatin, chromatin-associated proteins, nuclear pore complex, and membrane of nuclear envelope

45
Q

what are the two types of chromatin?

A

heterochromatin, euchromatin

46
Q

what does each nucleosome consist of?

A

a histone octamer core and ~2 turns of DNA wound around it

47
Q

what does the histone octamer contain?

A

2 H2A, 2 H2B, 2 H3, 2 H4 histones

48
Q

where are nucleolus present?

A

eukaryotic nucleus

49
Q

what is the nucleolus the site of?

A

ribosomal RNA synthesis and initial ribosomal assembly

50
Q

what are the three distinct regions of the nucleolus?

A

fibrillar centers, fibrillar component, and granular component

51
Q

what do fibrillar centers contain?

A

contain DNA loops of 5 different chromosomes that contain rRNA genes together with significant amounts of RNA polymerase I and transcription factor

52
Q

what do fibrillar components contain?

A

ribosomal genes that are actively undergoing transcription accumulating large amounts of ribosomal RNA

53
Q

what do granular centers represent?

A

the site of initial ribosomal assembly which contains densely packed pre ribosomal particles

54
Q

how many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2, inner and outer

55
Q

what do the two mitochondrial membranes create?

A

the matrix and a narrow intermembrane space

56
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondria a location of?

A

electron transport protein complexes and ATP synthesis

57
Q

what are the infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane called?

A

cristae, increase SA

58
Q

what kind of DNA is found in the mitochondria?

A

double-stranded circular

59
Q

the rough ER mainly synthesizes what?

A

protein

60
Q

what will proteins synthesized in rER require?

A

sorting signals called signal sequences

61
Q

the smooth ER mainly synthesizes what?

A

fatty acids and phospholipids

62
Q

sER in liver

A

helps detoxify hydrophobic compounds like pesticides and carcinogens by chemically converting them into water-soluble products to be eliminated from the body

63
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

sequesters Ca++ that is essential for the contractile process
found in skeletal and cardiac muscle

64
Q

what are polyribosomes? what do they do?

A

several ribosomes together, attach to a thread of mRNA

65
Q

what is the Golgi complex the site of?

A

processing and packing ER products
glycosylation of proteins produced in the ER and their packaging
(located near nucleus, prominent in secretory cells)

66
Q

primary lysosome

A

contains one or many enzymes

67
Q

secondary lysosome

A

fusion with one or more primary lysosomes with phagocytized material

68
Q

residual body lysosome

A

incomplete digestion by the lysosome (high numbers of residual bodies in Tay-Sachs)

69
Q

why do nuclei stain dark in H&E stains?

A

nuclei are acidic in nature, so they bind with the basic hematoxylin

70
Q

paneth cells vs RBCs

A

paneth cells contain acidic granules and therefore appear more granular

71
Q

PAS staining

A

used to identify carbohydrates, carbs are stained bright pink

72
Q

Feulgen staining

A

stains DNA magenta, specific for deoxyribose sugar

73
Q

trichrome stain

A

nuclei - dark purple
cytoplasm - bright red
connective tisse - blue

74
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

localizes specific antigens by exploiting the specific binding relationship between antibody and antigen in a tissue section

75
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

localizes a specific antigen by way of specific antibody/antigen binding in a single layer of cells

76
Q

what are the kinds of light microscope?

A

bright field, phase contrast, dark field

77
Q

what is Zellweger syndrome?

A

a lethal condition caused by the defective assembly of peroxisomes due to the lack of transport of enzyme proteins into the peroxisome

histology (15 decks)

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