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histology > unit 12 > Flashcards

unit 12 Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine

A

release secretory into ducts or lumen

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2
Q

endocrine

A

release secretary into circulation

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3
Q

serous glands

A

pyramidal shape with base on basal lamina
round nucleus
joined by junctional complexes
usually organized as acinus

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4
Q

mucous glands

A

cuboidal to columnar with nuclei pushed towards base, oval nuclei at base, secretory drops at apex
organized as tubules
viscous mixture of glycoproteins

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5
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

derived from epithelial cells
located between basement membrane and epithelial surface
flat with long processes around secretory element

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6
Q

what do myoepithelial cells contain

A

keratin and myofilaments

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7
Q

what are the minor salivary glands? where are they located?

A

mucosal, lingual, buccal, palatine
in the submucosa of the oral cavity

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8
Q

what is saliva

A

hypotonic solution that functions to lubricate and cleanse the oral cavity

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9
Q

what does saliva do?

A

reduces bacterial flora by way of lysozymes, lactoferrin, peroxides, histine rich proteins, and IgA
initial digestion of carbs by salivary amylase
assists in the process of taste

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10
Q

what types of glands are in the parotid gland?

A

serous ONLY

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11
Q

what types of glands are in the submandibular gland? sublingual?

A

mostly serous, some mucous
mostly mucous, some serous

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12
Q

salivary gland, from acinus

A

acinus to intercalated duct to striated duct to excretory duct

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13
Q

intercalated ducts

A

cuboidal epithelium that acini open up into
secrete HCO3, absorb Cl

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14
Q

striated ducts

A

simple cuboidal to columnar
union of several intercalated ducts to form interlobular duct
radial striations of inholdings of basal plasma membrane and mitochondria
secrete K and HCO3, absorb Na

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15
Q

excretory ducts

A

interlobular ducts in septa, stratified cuboidal or columnar

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16
Q

parotid gland facts

A

no centroacinar cells
longer intercalated ducts comparatively
fat cells
many plasma cells and lymphocytes that secrete IgA

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17
Q

submandibular gland facts

A

mostly serous, some mucous
striated duct more developed than others

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18
Q

sublingual gland facts

A

mixed secretion with mostly mucous and some serous demilunes
interlobular duct system is not well developed

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19
Q

what is the pancreas

A

a gland that lies posterior to the stomach
produces enzymes that aid in digestion
produce sodium bicarb which buffers stomach acid
empties contents into duodenum

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20
Q

pancreatic ducts/glands

A

compound acinar gland with no striated ducts
contains centroacinar cells
thin capsule with septa that divide into lobules

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21
Q

exocrine pancreas cells

A

highly polarized with rER, Golgi, and mito packed into basal part
apical cytoplasm, packed with zymogen granules
tight junctional complexes along apical membrane

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22
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas secrete

A

15 or more enzymes or proenzymes
pancreatic lipase - fat digestion
pancreatic amylase - carb digestion
trypsin - protein digestion
DNAase and RNAase

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23
Q

what regulates the exocrine pancreas

A

hormones - secretin and cholecystokinin
vagus nerve

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24
Q

exocrine pancreas cells

A

simple pyramidal serous epithelial cells
narrow luminal surface
broad basal surface
central acinar cells

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25
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

islets scattered among acini
reticular fibers
fenestrated capillaries
more numerous in body and tail
5 different hormone secreting cells

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26
Q

hormone producing cells in endocrine pancreas

A

alpha - producing glucagon
beta - manufacturing insulin
delta - manufacturing somatostatin
PP - secrete pancreatic polypeptide
G - produce gastrin

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27
Q

pancreatic duct pathway

A

centroacinar > intercalated > interlobular > interlobular > main

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28
Q

intercalated pancreatic ducts

A

located between secretory portion and intralobular ducts
low cuboidal to squamous
secrete bicarb and water

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29
Q

intralobular pancreatic ducts

A

cuboidal, lacks striated
secrete bicarb and water

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30
Q

interlobular pancreatic ducts

A

low columnar
secrete bicarb and water

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31
Q

main pancreatic duct

A

joins bile duct
enters duodenum
lined by tall columnar cells

32
Q

what is the portal triad

A

hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

33
Q

what is the structural organization of the liver?

A

CT stroma (neurovascular structures travel in here)
parenchyma
sinusoidal capillaries
spaces of disse

34
Q

what is parenchyma?

A

organized cords of hepatocytes stacked like plates and arranged radially around a central vein

35
Q

what are sinusoidal capillaries

A

vascular channels between plates of hepatocytes

36
Q

where are spaces of Disse located?

A

between the sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes

37
Q

what is the liver capsule

A

thin dense fibrous CT
arranged collagen (supports) and elastic fibers

38
Q

where does the liver capsule become thick? why?

A

at the hilum, supports neuromuscular structures as they course through liver

39
Q

what covers the capsule where it faces the peritoneal cavity?

A

serous mesothelium

40
Q

what is the stroma? what is present here?

A

continuation of the capsule through the porta hepatis
collagen I, III, and IV to support neuromuscular structures

41
Q

what are the three functional models of the liver?

A

classic lobule, portal lobule, liver acinus

42
Q

classic lobule model

A

hexagonal shape
central vein is axis with hepatocyte plates radiating from center
blood flow from periphery to center
bile from center to periphery

43
Q

portal lobule model

A

trianguler/wedge shaped
portal area is central axis
peripheral landmark is 3 or more central veins
bile flows from periphery to portal area
blood flows from portal area to central vein

44
Q

liver acinus model

A

oval to diamond shaped
distributing vein is axis
short axis - 2 terminal branches of portal triad
long axis - line btw two central veins closest to short axis
blood flows from center to periphery

45
Q

liver acinus zones

A

zone 1 - closest to short axis and blood supply
zone 2 - between 1 & 3, no defined boundaries
zone 3 - farthest from short axis, closest to central vein

46
Q

what is the blood supply to the liver?

A

venous supply via portal vein and arterial supply via hepatic artery

47
Q

portal vein system

A

portal vein > distributing vein > inlet venal > sinusoids > central vein > sub lobular vein > hepatic vein > IVC

48
Q

arterial system

A

hepatic artery > inlet arteries > sinusoids > central vein

49
Q

what are hepatocytes?

A

basic structural component of the liver
grouped in interconnected plates
capable of considerable regeneration

50
Q

hepatocyte structure

A

generally acidophilic cytoplasm, large, polygonal cells, large central nucleus, can be binucleate
two or more nucleoli

51
Q

what is liver parenchyma?

A

comprised of anastomosing network of interconnecting hepatocyte plates
can be 1-2 cells thick

52
Q

what are bile canaliculus

A

formed by two hepatocyte cell membranes

53
Q

where are hepatic sinusoids located? what are they lined by?

A

between hepatocytes
lined by endothelial cells - fenestrated, discontinuous basal lamina, dark ovoid nuclei projecting into lumen

54
Q

what is a unique feature of hepatic sinusoids?

A

presence of stellate sinusoidal macrophages, Kupffer cells, in the lining of vessels

55
Q

Kupffer cell origin and structure

A

derived from monocytes
interposed with fenestrated endothelial cells, form integral part of sinusoid walls
irregular in shape
filopodia and microvilli on luminal side
lysosomes and endocytotic vesicles
vermiform processes

56
Q

what do Kupffer cells play a role in?

A

host defense and breakdown of RBCs

57
Q

what is the space of Disse?

A

perisinusoidal space
exchange site between blood and liver cells

58
Q

where is the space of Disse located?

A

between basal surfaces of hepatocytes and endothelial cells

59
Q

what is located within the space of Disse?

A

hepatocyte microvilli
Ito cells (stellate cells)

60
Q

what are Ito cells

A

fat containing cells - retinyl esters
lipid droplets, small nucleus, many long branched cytoplasmic processes
store exogenous vit A retinol

61
Q

what is bile production?

A

an exocrine function of liver hepatocytes

62
Q

what does bile contain?

A

conjugated and degraded waste products
substances that bind to metabolites to aid in absorption

63
Q

what are cholangiocytes?

A

epithelial cells that line the biliary tree
organelle-scant cytoplasm
tight junctions
complete basal lamina
microvilli
primary cilium

64
Q

what are bile canaliculi?

A

small canal formed by apposed grooves in the surface of adjacent hepatocytes
smallest branches of the biliary tree
aka short canals of Hering

65
Q

canal of Hering

A

lined by hepatocytes and cholagiocytes
contractile activity

66
Q

duct pathway

A

canal of Hering > tntrahepatic bile ductule > interlobular ducts > join to form R/L hepatic ducts > common hepatic ducts

67
Q

what parts of the biliary ducts are lined by cholangiocytes?

A

canal of Hering and interlobular ducts

68
Q

what are the extra hepatic bile ducts?

A

common hepatic duct
cystic duct
common bile ducts

69
Q

common hepatic duct

A

tall columnar epithelium
alimentary canal layers except muscularis mucosae

70
Q

cystic duct

A

carries bile in/out of gallbladder
spiral valve (spirally arranged mucosal folds)
simple columnar epithelium
thin lamina propria
smooth muscle
muscularis externa
serosa

71
Q

common bile duct

A

extends to wall of duodenum at hepatopancreatic ampulla
sphincter of common bile duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla
major duodenal papilla

72
Q

what is the gallbladder?

A

pear-shaped distensible sac
receives dilute bile from cystic duct via hepatic duct
store and removes water from incoming bile
releases bile into common bile duct

73
Q

gallbladder mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium
tall epithelial cells with microvilli
primary cilium
apical junctional complexes
mitochondria
lateral plications

74
Q

gallbladder lamina propria

A

fenestrated capillaries and small venules
no lymphatics
contains large amount of lymphocytes and plasma cells
scattered smooth muscle
mucous glands

75
Q

other gallbladder layers

A

muscularis externa - collagen and elastic fibers, stimulated by CCK
adventitia - dense CT, elastic and adipose
serosa - unattached surface, mesothelium, loose CT

histology (15 decks)

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