Unit 8 (Thinking and Language) Flashcards
___________ or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating
Thinking
_________ is effortless, immediate and automatic feelings
Intuition
We as humans have ________ _______ which are our ability to: generate, organize, plan, and implement ideas
Executive Functions
The mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a _________ (calling all types of chairs a chair) (*)
Concept
The mental image in our mind of the best item that fits our concept is called a ____________ (**) (Ex: thinking of a bird and you think of a robin)
Prototypes
__________ __________ is the ability to provide a single correct answer (*)
Convergent Thinking
__________ _________ is the ability to consider many different answers and think in new ways (*)
Divergent Thinking
A type of problem solving when you try every possible combination until you find the correct answer (accurate but time consuming) (**)
Algorithms
A type of problem solving when you use mental shortcuts (Ex: signs above aisles at a store) (**)
Heuristics
A type of problem solving when you just know the answer to a problem immediately (**)
Insight
An inability to see another solution to a problem is known as a ____________
Fixation
When you look for facts that prove your point, while disregarding facts that don’t we call that _________ ________ (**)(Ex: if you think boys are naughty you’ll point it out and ignore things that prove otherwise)
Confirmation Bias
A ______ _______ is a tendency to keep solving a problem the same way even if there is a better option (*******)
Mental Set
_________ _________ is the tendency to only thing of the main purpose of an object (*******)
Functional Fixation
Our tendency to think that what happens previously will affect a future event is known as the _________ ________ (*******) (Ex: roulette wheels)
Gambler’s Fallacy
A __________ ___________ is when something matches your prototype you automatically think it is the correct answer, often this can lead to incorrect assumptions (***) (Ex:assuming tall people play basketball)
Representative Heuristic
An _________ ________ states that memorable things seem common (*******) (Ex: shark attacks)
Availability Heuristic
What is overconfidence
A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
The _____________ ______ is our tendency to stick to the original plan because we’ve already invested time or money into it, when switching would benefit us more (*)
Sunk-cost Fallacy
What is an Exaggerated Fear (Ex: airports after 9/11)
A fear of something that poses little to no danger
________ is when someone states something in a way that sounds favorable
Framing
A _______ is when we frame in a way that seems better for people
Nudge
A ________ _____ refer’s to a person’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions (*******) (Ex: thinking Gannis is the best player ever)
Belief Bias
When a person clings to their beliefs even when there is evidence that those beliefs are incorrect, this is known as _________ _______ (***) (Ex: even though the Packers lose in the playoff you still say that are the best)
Belief Perserverance
