Unit 8 (Thinking and Language) Flashcards
___________ or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating
Thinking
_________ is effortless, immediate and automatic feelings
Intuition
We as humans have ________ _______ which are our ability to: generate, organize, plan, and implement ideas
Executive Functions
The mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a _________ (calling all types of chairs a chair) (*)
Concept
The mental image in our mind of the best item that fits our concept is called a ____________ (**) (Ex: thinking of a bird and you think of a robin)
Prototypes
__________ __________ is the ability to provide a single correct answer (*)
Convergent Thinking
__________ _________ is the ability to consider many different answers and think in new ways (*)
Divergent Thinking
A type of problem solving when you try every possible combination until you find the correct answer (accurate but time consuming) (**)
Algorithms
A type of problem solving when you use mental shortcuts (Ex: signs above aisles at a store) (**)
Heuristics
A type of problem solving when you just know the answer to a problem immediately (**)
Insight
An inability to see another solution to a problem is known as a ____________
Fixation
When you look for facts that prove your point, while disregarding facts that don’t we call that _________ ________ (**)(Ex: if you think boys are naughty you’ll point it out and ignore things that prove otherwise)
Confirmation Bias
A ______ _______ is a tendency to keep solving a problem the same way even if there is a better option (*******)
Mental Set
_________ _________ is the tendency to only thing of the main purpose of an object (*******)
Functional Fixation
Our tendency to think that what happens previously will affect a future event is known as the _________ ________ (*******) (Ex: roulette wheels)
Gambler’s Fallacy
A __________ ___________ is when something matches your prototype you automatically think it is the correct answer, often this can lead to incorrect assumptions (***) (Ex:assuming tall people play basketball)
Representative Heuristic
An _________ ________ states that memorable things seem common (*******) (Ex: shark attacks)
Availability Heuristic
What is overconfidence
A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
The _____________ ______ is our tendency to stick to the original plan because we’ve already invested time or money into it, when switching would benefit us more (*)
Sunk-cost Fallacy
What is an Exaggerated Fear (Ex: airports after 9/11)
A fear of something that poses little to no danger
________ is when someone states something in a way that sounds favorable
Framing
A _______ is when we frame in a way that seems better for people
Nudge
A ________ _____ refer’s to a person’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions (*******) (Ex: thinking Gannis is the best player ever)
Belief Bias
When a person clings to their beliefs even when there is evidence that those beliefs are incorrect, this is known as _________ _______ (***) (Ex: even though the Packers lose in the playoff you still say that are the best)
Belief Perserverance
_________, our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way that we communicate meaning to ourselves and others
Language
What is the name for the smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language (about 40)
Phonemes
What is the name for the smallest unit that carries meaning (Ex: prefixes) (about 100k)
Morphemes
How many words are there
290,500 words
How many phrases are there
326,000 phrases
How many sentences are there
There are infinite amounts of sentences
_______________ is the system of rules in a language that enable us to communicate with and understand each other (*)
Grammar
What are semantics (*)
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences
What are syntax (*)
They consist of the rules for putting words in the correct order within a sentence
What is true about language development
Children learn language before learning most other things (and at a rapid pace)
What age are you in the Cooing Stage
6 to 8 weeks
What age are you in the Babbling stage
4 months
What age are you in the One-word stage
1 year
What age are you in the Two-word stage (also called telegraphic speech)
2 years
What age are you in the Longer Phrases stage
2+ years
When kids first learn grammar rules they overdo it (Ex: saying goed to the park) this is known as _______ __ ______ (*)
Overregularization of Grammar
Who developed Operant Learning
B.F. Skinner
What is the explanation of Operant Learning
That language is learned by experience through rewards and punishments
Is Operant Learning nature or nurture
Nurture
Who developed Inborn Universal Grammar
Noam Chomsky
What is the Explanation of Inborn Universal Grammar
Language is so complicated and when can learn it so much faster than anything else as a kid, that the fundamentals of language must already exist in our brain at birth
Is Inborn Universal Grammar nature or nurture
Nature
What is the Explanation of Critical Period Hypothesis
That there is a certain time when language is learned easiest (Critical Period) but you still must be taught language to learn it
Is the Critical Period Hypothesis Nature or Nurture
Nature and Nurture
What 3 other things do we know about language
- Genes design the mechanisms for a language and experiences modifies the brain
- Learning a new language gets harder the older you get
- language and thinking are connected
The THEORY of _________ __________, created by Whorf, states that the words you know affect what you can think about (Ex: recalling different types of snow) (*)
Linguistic Determinism (EXTREME)
Many believe in __________ ______ which is less extreme than Linguistic Determinism. It says that language influences what we thing about (it’s still hard to think of things without knowing the word) (*)
Linguistic Relativism
What do we know about animals and thinking and using language
- Animals for sure communicate and think (can even learn sign language)
- Animals lack syntax which means shows that they can only really repeat what they learned and not create original thoughts
- Most Psychologist DO NOT believe that animals truly have language
