Unit 2: Neuroscience Flashcards
In early psychology, Plato guessed right that the mind was located in the _______, while Aristotle believed that the mind was located in the _________. (
Brain, Heart
The technique known as _________ states that bumps on the skull show what mental abilities you have. But in reality mental abilities are from the _______.
Phenology, brain
The billions of interconnected cells that our bodies use to communicate are known as __________. (Let’s your brain send in and receive information)
Neurons
The ________ ________, or soma, is the life support of the neuron.
Cell body
The ________ receives messages from other neurons
Axon
The axon sends messages out of a neuron to another neuron through it’s ________ _________.
Axon terminals
The name for the fatty substance that covers some axons and makes for a _________ transmission of information.
Myelin sheath, faster
When Myelin degenerates it can cause a condition called ________ _______ is which the brain and muscles slow. This leads to diminished muscle control, and sometimes impaired cognition.
Multiple Sclerosis
the term for that are cells in there nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. They can help with learning, thinking, and memory.
Glial Cells
the term for when a neuron is not firing
Resting actions
The term for when a neuron is firing
Action potential
An axon is full of _______ charged ions.
Negativity
During _________ positive ions are allowed in!
Depolarization
If enough positive ions are allowed in the neuron passes its _________. This is what causes a neuron to fire.
Threshold
When negative ions enter a neuron it is known as __________, and thus it’s less likely to fire.
Hyper-polarization
The term that states that a neuron either fires or it doesn’t (either passes its threshold or doesn’t)
All-or-None-Response
The term that refers to the time it takes for a neuron to recharge to be able to fire again once it has already fired.
Refractory Period
The name for the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another. (also known as the cleft)
Synapse
When a neuron fires its axon releases __________ which are picked up by another neurons dendrites.
Neurotransmitters
The neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement/memory (also known as ACH)
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter that controls learning, attention, and short term happiness
Dopamine
The neurotransmitter that controls long term happiness
Serotonin
A way to study the brain that involves destroying parts of a human/animal brain due to accident, illness, or experimentation and see what happens
Lesion
Humans whose brains are already damaged (accident/disease) are studying see what they can’t do
Clinical observation
Metal electrodes strapped to the skull to see what specific brain areas are active (function, not structure)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Takes patient into a room that cancels magnetic fields. Measures magnetic fields created by the brain in different areas
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
Radioactive glucose (sugar) is used to see what areas of the brain are active
Pet scan
Uses really powerful magnets to get a detailed picture of the brain
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Uses X-rays to get a detailed picture of the brain
CT (computed tomography)
Procedure shows both structure/function (basically a MRI that can also show brain activity) (very expensive)
FMRI
Old survival structures (brainstem)
Hindbrain
Connects old areas to new areas
Midbrain
Complex behaviors (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus)
Forebrain
This part of the brain is the oldest part of the brain
Brain stem
This part of the brain is the base of the brainstem and controls your heartbeat and breathing
Medualla
The nerve network in the brainstem that deals with primarily with arousal (sensory switchboard)
Recticular formation
Receives information from the senses (not smell) and routes it to the brain to figure out what is going on (sensory switchboard)
Thalamus
That part of the brain called the “little brain”, it’s attached to the rear brainstem it helps with coordination and balance
Cerebellum
The part of the brain that coordinates movements and helps control sleep. It is the bridge from the lower brain functions to the higher brain functions.
Pons
The doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the boarder of the brainstem and cerebrum that deals with things such as: fear, aggression, and food/sex drives.
Limbic system
The part of the brain linked to emotions such as fear, aggression, and anger
Amygdala
The part of the brain involved in memory
Hippocampus
The _______ is sometimes known as the _______ _________. It is involved with: eating, drinking, body temp, emotions, and regulating sexual behavior. It also works closely with the pituitary gland secreting hormones into the bod
Hypothalamus, reward center
The neural cells that cover the cerebral hemisphere and are the body’s ultimate control and information processing center is known as the __________ _________
Cerebral cortex
The part of the brain in the front of the head that controls the motor cortex, personality, decision making, and logical thinking
Frontal lobe
The part of the brain that is on the top/back of the head that controls somatosensory cortex (sense of touch), math, and spatial reasoning
Pariental lobe
The part of the brain that is in the back of the head and controls visual functions
Occipital lobe
The part of the brain located on the side of the head that controls auditory functions (hearing) and facial recognition
Temporal lobe
The ______ cortex located at the rear of the frontal lobe controls voluntary movements
Motor
The _________ cortex located in the pariental lobe receives information form skin surfaces and senses
Somotosensory
The ________ function is located in the occipital lobe
Visual
The ________ function is located in the temporal lobe
Auditory
The name for the parts of the brains that we don’t know their exact functions are (aids in higher level functioning)
Association areas
When neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the sending neurons it is known as __________
Re-uptake
The neurotransmitter that controls alertness and arousal (also known as adrenaline)
Norepinephrine/ Eppinephrine
The neurotransmitter that slows down the body
GABA (Gamma-amnibutyric acid)
The neurotransmitter that speeds up the body
Glutamate
The neurotransmitter that controls pain and pleasure
Endorphins
The neurotransmitter that controls pain perception and immune response
Substance P
__________ __________ is a condition in which the body mistakenly blocks ACH. It can cause droopy eyes, make it hard to swallow, and difficult to walk
Myasthenia Gravis
Neurotransmitters and receptors fit together like a _______ and ________.
Lock, key
________ are drugs that can enable neurotransmitters to fire, while __________ can block neurotransmitters from firing.
Agonists, antagonists
The _______ ________ refers to all the nerve cells. It is very speedy!
Nervous system
What does the central nervous system CNS) include
Neurons in the brain and spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include
Neurons outside the spine and brain (everything else)
One part of the PNS is called the _______ Nervous system and works when you try to move your muscles (stuff you try to do)
Somatic
One part of the PNS called the __________ nervous system which works either your organs that mostly work automatically (things that just happen)
Autonomic
The ___________ nervous system automatically arouses the body when it needs it
Sympathetic
The ___________ Nervous system calms the body automatically when it needs it
Parasympathetic
What 5 things can happen if you become sleep deprived
Fatigue/death
Impaired concentration
Emotional Irritability
Depressed immune system
Greater Vulnerability to illness
What are the 6 sleep theories
-Sleep protected our ancestors from harm (trait passed down)
-Sleep is beneficial to our brain
-Sleep is good for memory
-Sleep helps with growth (pituitary glad fires when sleeping)
-Sleeps good for creativity
Sleep conserves energy you’ll need for the day
The term that describes president problems falling/staying asleep
Insomnia
What is the scientific name for sleepwalking
Somnambulism
An overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up is known as _______ (also caused by excitement)
Narcolepsy
Failure to breathe while asleep is known as ______ _______.
Sleep Apnea
this term occurs when normal REM paralysis does not occur. Can cause: twitching, talking, kicking, or the sleeper trying to reenact their dreams.
REM Related Behavior Disorder
Frightening dreams that wake someone during REM sleep are known as _________
Nightmares
a sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by a physiological reaction (rapid heart rate, perspiration, etc) that happens in NREM3 sleep, are known as ______ _______.
Night-terrors
What do we dream about?
1) 8/10 dreams are negative
2) people dream about failure, being attacked, rejected, and other bad things
3) 1/10 male dreams are sexually related. While 1/30 female dreams are sexually related
4) Women dream of both men and women, while men dream more about only men.
What is Freuds theory about why we dream?
1)Manifest content = actual dream, latent content = hidden reason for dream (darkest desire)
What does the Information processing Theory/Consolidation Theory state?
That dreams help store memories
What does the Physiological Function Theory state?
That Dreams keep your brain Stimulated
What does the Activation-Synthesis Theory state (ON TEST)?
That our dreams are just random brain firing that we tie into one large story
What does the Cognitive Development Theory state?
That we dream to improve thinking
When someone is deprived of REM sleep, their future sleep will contain more REM than normal. This is called ___ _________.
REM Rebound
_______ _______ are chemical substances that alter perceptions and mood, and thus effect consciousness
Psychoactive Drugs
________ ________ ______ is a psychological disorder in which a person continually uses a substance even though it’s causing life disruption.
Substance use Disorder
_______ is when it takes more and more of a drug to get the same effects (Dependence & Addictions)
tolerance
__________ are undesirable (neg.) effects after stopping the use of drugs that one is addicted to. (Dependence & Addictions)
Withdrawal
_______ ________ is when someones body feels hurt when not using a drug
Physical Dependence
_______ _______ is when your mind craves a drug.
Psychological Dependence
A ________ is a craving for something that you know is bad/harmful
Addiction
What does the DEPRESSANT alcohol effect
Motor skills, judgement, memory, (increase in aggression/reduction is self awareness)
What type of drugs does barbiturates include
sleeping pills, tranquilizers, sedatives, anesthesia related drugs)
What do DEPRESSANT drugs do
they reduce neural activity and slow down the bodies functions)
what drugs are opiates, and why are they so bad
Morphine, Heroin, Oxycontin, and fentanyl
They are VERY addictive
what do stimulants do
they excite neural activity and speed up body functions
What does caffeine do (it is a stimulant)
increases heart rate/breathing rate/other automatic body functions.
Where can Nicotine be found (it is a stimulant)
it can be found in cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and vapes
What is Ecstasy (MDMA or the “party drug”) do (is a stimulant)
it causes light hallucinations, and a very high risk of dehydration
What is the difference between cocaine and crack cocaine (both are stimulants)
Crack cocaine provides a quicker high and quicker crash. But both provide the same effects
In what case can Amphetamines (stimulants) be beneficial
They can be beneficial if used correctly. Otherwise they can have very negative consequences
What is a example of a Methamphetamine (stimulant)
Crystal Meth
What do Hallucinogenic drugs do
They distort a persons perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
What what is another name for a LSD, and what do they do
Acid
Cause powerful hallucinations
what is THC a active ingredient in, and what does it cause
THC is a active ingredient in marijuana
Causes mild hallucinations
