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AP Psychology > Unit 2: Neuroscience > Flashcards

Unit 2: Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

In early psychology, Plato guessed right that the mind was located in the _______, while Aristotle believed that the mind was located in the _________. (

A

Brain, Heart

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2
Q

The technique known as _________ states that bumps on the skull show what mental abilities you have. But in reality mental abilities are from the _______.

A

Phenology, brain

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3
Q

The billions of interconnected cells that our bodies use to communicate are known as __________. (Let’s your brain send in and receive information)

A

Neurons

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4
Q

The ________ ________, or soma, is the life support of the neuron.

A

Cell body

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5
Q

The ________ receives messages from other neurons

A

Axon

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6
Q

The axon sends messages out of a neuron to another neuron through it’s ________ _________.

A

Axon terminals

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7
Q

The name for the fatty substance that covers some axons and makes for a _________ transmission of information.

A

Myelin sheath, faster

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8
Q

When Myelin degenerates it can cause a condition called ________ _______ is which the brain and muscles slow. This leads to diminished muscle control, and sometimes impaired cognition.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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9
Q

the term for that are cells in there nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. They can help with learning, thinking, and memory.

A

Glial Cells

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10
Q

the term for when a neuron is not firing

A

Resting actions

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11
Q

The term for when a neuron is firing

A

Action potential

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12
Q

An axon is full of _______ charged ions.

A

Negativity

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13
Q

During _________ positive ions are allowed in!

A

Depolarization

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14
Q

If enough positive ions are allowed in the neuron passes its _________. This is what causes a neuron to fire.

A

Threshold

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15
Q

When negative ions enter a neuron it is known as __________, and thus it’s less likely to fire.

A

Hyper-polarization

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16
Q

The term that states that a neuron either fires or it doesn’t (either passes its threshold or doesn’t)

A

All-or-None-Response

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17
Q

The term that refers to the time it takes for a neuron to recharge to be able to fire again once it has already fired.

A

Refractory Period

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18
Q

The name for the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another. (also known as the cleft)

A

Synapse

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19
Q

When a neuron fires its axon releases __________ which are picked up by another neurons dendrites.

A

Neurotransmitters

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20
Q

The neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement/memory (also known as ACH)

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

The neurotransmitter that controls learning, attention, and short term happiness

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

The neurotransmitter that controls long term happiness

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

A way to study the brain that involves destroying parts of a human/animal brain due to accident, illness, or experimentation and see what happens

A

Lesion

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24
Q

Humans whose brains are already damaged (accident/disease) are studying see what they can’t do

A

Clinical observation

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25
Q

Metal electrodes strapped to the skull to see what specific brain areas are active (function, not structure)

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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26
Q

Takes patient into a room that cancels magnetic fields. Measures magnetic fields created by the brain in different areas

A

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

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27
Q

Radioactive glucose (sugar) is used to see what areas of the brain are active

A

Pet scan

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28
Q

Uses really powerful magnets to get a detailed picture of the brain

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

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29
Q

Uses X-rays to get a detailed picture of the brain

A

CT (computed tomography)

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30
Q

Procedure shows both structure/function (basically a MRI that can also show brain activity) (very expensive)

A

FMRI

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31
Q

Old survival structures (brainstem)

A

Hindbrain

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32
Q

Connects old areas to new areas

A

Midbrain

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33
Q

Complex behaviors (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus)

A

Forebrain

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34
Q

This part of the brain is the oldest part of the brain

A

Brain stem

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35
Q

This part of the brain is the base of the brainstem and controls your heartbeat and breathing

A

Medualla

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36
Q

The nerve network in the brainstem that deals with primarily with arousal (sensory switchboard)

A

Recticular formation

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37
Q

Receives information from the senses (not smell) and routes it to the brain to figure out what is going on (sensory switchboard)

A

Thalamus

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38
Q

That part of the brain called the “little brain”, it’s attached to the rear brainstem it helps with coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

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39
Q

The part of the brain that coordinates movements and helps control sleep. It is the bridge from the lower brain functions to the higher brain functions.

A

Pons

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40
Q

The doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the boarder of the brainstem and cerebrum that deals with things such as: fear, aggression, and food/sex drives.

A

Limbic system

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41
Q

The part of the brain linked to emotions such as fear, aggression, and anger

A

Amygdala

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42
Q

The part of the brain involved in memory

A

Hippocampus

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43
Q

The _______ is sometimes known as the _______ _________. It is involved with: eating, drinking, body temp, emotions, and regulating sexual behavior. It also works closely with the pituitary gland secreting hormones into the bod

A

Hypothalamus, reward center

44
Q

The neural cells that cover the cerebral hemisphere and are the body’s ultimate control and information processing center is known as the __________ _________

A

Cerebral cortex

45
Q

The part of the brain in the front of the head that controls the motor cortex, personality, decision making, and logical thinking

A

Frontal lobe

46
Q

The part of the brain that is on the top/back of the head that controls somatosensory cortex (sense of touch), math, and spatial reasoning

A

Pariental lobe

47
Q

The part of the brain that is in the back of the head and controls visual functions

A

Occipital lobe

48
Q

The part of the brain located on the side of the head that controls auditory functions (hearing) and facial recognition

A

Temporal lobe

49
Q

The ______ cortex located at the rear of the frontal lobe controls voluntary movements

A

Motor

50
Q

The _________ cortex located in the pariental lobe receives information form skin surfaces and senses

A

Somotosensory

51
Q

The ________ function is located in the occipital lobe

A

Visual

52
Q

The ________ function is located in the temporal lobe

A

Auditory

53
Q

The name for the parts of the brains that we don’t know their exact functions are (aids in higher level functioning)

A

Association areas

54
Q

When neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the sending neurons it is known as __________

A

Re-uptake

55
Q

The neurotransmitter that controls alertness and arousal (also known as adrenaline)

A

Norepinephrine/ Eppinephrine

56
Q

The neurotransmitter that slows down the body

A

GABA (Gamma-amnibutyric acid)

57
Q

The neurotransmitter that speeds up the body

A

Glutamate

58
Q

The neurotransmitter that controls pain and pleasure

A

Endorphins

59
Q

The neurotransmitter that controls pain perception and immune response

A

Substance P

60
Q

__________ __________ is a condition in which the body mistakenly blocks ACH. It can cause droopy eyes, make it hard to swallow, and difficult to walk

A

Myasthenia Gravis

61
Q

Neurotransmitters and receptors fit together like a _______ and ________.

A

Lock, key

62
Q

________ are drugs that can enable neurotransmitters to fire, while __________ can block neurotransmitters from firing.

A

Agonists, antagonists

63
Q

The _______ ________ refers to all the nerve cells. It is very speedy!

A

Nervous system

64
Q

What does the central nervous system CNS) include

A

Neurons in the brain and spinal cord

65
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include

A

Neurons outside the spine and brain (everything else)

66
Q

One part of the PNS is called the _______ Nervous system and works when you try to move your muscles (stuff you try to do)

A

Somatic

67
Q

One part of the PNS called the __________ nervous system which works either your organs that mostly work automatically (things that just happen)

A

Autonomic

68
Q

The ___________ nervous system automatically arouses the body when it needs it

A

Sympathetic

69
Q

The ___________ Nervous system calms the body automatically when it needs it

A

Parasympathetic

70
Q

What 5 things can happen if you become sleep deprived

A

Fatigue/death
Impaired concentration
Emotional Irritability
Depressed immune system
Greater Vulnerability to illness

71
Q

What are the 6 sleep theories

A

-Sleep protected our ancestors from harm (trait passed down)
-Sleep is beneficial to our brain
-Sleep is good for memory
-Sleep helps with growth (pituitary glad fires when sleeping)
-Sleeps good for creativity
Sleep conserves energy you’ll need for the day

72
Q

The term that describes president problems falling/staying asleep

A

Insomnia

73
Q

What is the scientific name for sleepwalking

A

Somnambulism

74
Q

An overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up is known as _______ (also caused by excitement)

A

Narcolepsy

75
Q

Failure to breathe while asleep is known as ______ _______.

A

Sleep Apnea

76
Q

this term occurs when normal REM paralysis does not occur. Can cause: twitching, talking, kicking, or the sleeper trying to reenact their dreams.

A

REM Related Behavior Disorder

77
Q

Frightening dreams that wake someone during REM sleep are known as _________

A

Nightmares

78
Q

a sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by a physiological reaction (rapid heart rate, perspiration, etc) that happens in NREM3 sleep, are known as ______ _______.

A

Night-terrors

79
Q

What do we dream about?

A

1) 8/10 dreams are negative
2) people dream about failure, being attacked, rejected, and other bad things
3) 1/10 male dreams are sexually related. While 1/30 female dreams are sexually related
4) Women dream of both men and women, while men dream more about only men.

80
Q

What is Freuds theory about why we dream?

A

1)Manifest content = actual dream, latent content = hidden reason for dream (darkest desire)

81
Q

What does the Information processing Theory/Consolidation Theory state?

A

That dreams help store memories

82
Q

What does the Physiological Function Theory state?

A

That Dreams keep your brain Stimulated

83
Q

What does the Activation-Synthesis Theory state (ON TEST)?

A

That our dreams are just random brain firing that we tie into one large story

84
Q

What does the Cognitive Development Theory state?

A

That we dream to improve thinking

85
Q

When someone is deprived of REM sleep, their future sleep will contain more REM than normal. This is called ___ _________.

A

REM Rebound

86
Q

_______ _______ are chemical substances that alter perceptions and mood, and thus effect consciousness

A

Psychoactive Drugs

87
Q

________ ________ ______ is a psychological disorder in which a person continually uses a substance even though it’s causing life disruption.

A

Substance use Disorder

88
Q

_______ is when it takes more and more of a drug to get the same effects (Dependence & Addictions)

A

tolerance

89
Q

__________ are undesirable (neg.) effects after stopping the use of drugs that one is addicted to. (Dependence & Addictions)

A

Withdrawal

90
Q

_______ ________ is when someones body feels hurt when not using a drug

A

Physical Dependence

91
Q

_______ _______ is when your mind craves a drug.

A

Psychological Dependence

92
Q

A ________ is a craving for something that you know is bad/harmful

A

Addiction

93
Q

What does the DEPRESSANT alcohol effect

A

Motor skills, judgement, memory, (increase in aggression/reduction is self awareness)

94
Q

What type of drugs does barbiturates include

A

sleeping pills, tranquilizers, sedatives, anesthesia related drugs)

95
Q

What do DEPRESSANT drugs do

A

they reduce neural activity and slow down the bodies functions)

96
Q

what drugs are opiates, and why are they so bad

A

Morphine, Heroin, Oxycontin, and fentanyl
They are VERY addictive

97
Q

what do stimulants do

A

they excite neural activity and speed up body functions

98
Q

What does caffeine do (it is a stimulant)

A

increases heart rate/breathing rate/other automatic body functions.

99
Q

Where can Nicotine be found (it is a stimulant)

A

it can be found in cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and vapes

100
Q

What is Ecstasy (MDMA or the “party drug”) do (is a stimulant)

A

it causes light hallucinations, and a very high risk of dehydration

100
Q

What is the difference between cocaine and crack cocaine (both are stimulants)

A

Crack cocaine provides a quicker high and quicker crash. But both provide the same effects

101
Q

In what case can Amphetamines (stimulants) be beneficial

A

They can be beneficial if used correctly. Otherwise they can have very negative consequences

102
Q

What is a example of a Methamphetamine (stimulant)

A

Crystal Meth

103
Q

What do Hallucinogenic drugs do

A

They distort a persons perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

104
Q

What what is another name for a LSD, and what do they do

A

Acid
Cause powerful hallucinations

105
Q

what is THC a active ingredient in, and what does it cause

A

THC is a active ingredient in marijuana
Causes mild hallucinations

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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