Unit 2: Neuroscience

Question 1

In early psychology, Plato guessed right that the mind was located in the _______, while Aristotle believed that the mind was located in the _________. (

Answer 1

Brain, Heart

Question 2

The technique known as _________ states that bumps on the skull show what mental abilities you have. But in reality mental abilities are from the _______.

Answer 2

Phenology, brain

Question 3

The billions of interconnected cells that our bodies use to communicate are known as __________. (Let’s your brain send in and receive information)

Answer 3

Neurons

Question 4

The ________ ________, or soma, is the life support of the neuron.

Answer 4

Cell body

Question 5

The ________ receives messages from other neurons

Answer 5

Axon

Question 6

The axon sends messages out of a neuron to another neuron through it’s ________ _________.

Answer 6

Axon terminals

Question 7

The name for the fatty substance that covers some axons and makes for a _________ transmission of information.

Answer 7

Myelin sheath, faster

Question 8

When Myelin degenerates it can cause a condition called ________ _______ is which the brain and muscles slow. This leads to diminished muscle control, and sometimes impaired cognition.

Answer 8

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 9

the term for that are cells in there nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. They can help with learning, thinking, and memory.

Answer 9

Glial Cells

Question 10

the term for when a neuron is not firing

Answer 10

Resting actions

Question 11

The term for when a neuron is firing

Answer 11

Action potential

Question 12

An axon is full of _______ charged ions.

Answer 12

Negativity

Question 13

During _________ positive ions are allowed in!

Answer 13

Depolarization

Question 14

If enough positive ions are allowed in the neuron passes its _________. This is what causes a neuron to fire.

Answer 14

Threshold

Question 15

When negative ions enter a neuron it is known as __________, and thus it’s less likely to fire.

Answer 15

Hyper-polarization

Question 16

The term that states that a neuron either fires or it doesn’t (either passes its threshold or doesn’t)

Answer 16

All-or-None-Response

Question 17

The term that refers to the time it takes for a neuron to recharge to be able to fire again once it has already fired.

Answer 17

Refractory Period

Question 18

The name for the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another. (also known as the cleft)

Answer 18

Synapse

Question 19

When a neuron fires its axon releases __________ which are picked up by another neurons dendrites.

Answer 19

Neurotransmitters

Question 20

The neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement/memory (also known as ACH)

Answer 20

Acetylcholine

Question 21

The neurotransmitter that controls learning, attention, and short term happiness

Answer 21

Dopamine

Question 22

The neurotransmitter that controls long term happiness

Answer 22

Serotonin

Question 23

A way to study the brain that involves destroying parts of a human/animal brain due to accident, illness, or experimentation and see what happens

Answer 23

Lesion

Question 24

Humans whose brains are already damaged (accident/disease) are studying see what they can’t do

Answer 24

Clinical observation

Question 25

Metal electrodes strapped to the skull to see what specific brain areas are active (function, not structure)

Answer 25

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 26

Takes patient into a room that cancels magnetic fields. Measures magnetic fields created by the brain in different areas

Answer 26

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

Question 27

Radioactive glucose (sugar) is used to see what areas of the brain are active

Answer 27

Pet scan

Question 28

Uses really powerful magnets to get a detailed picture of the brain

Answer 28

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 29

Uses X-rays to get a detailed picture of the brain

Answer 29

CT (computed tomography)

Question 30

Procedure shows both structure/function (basically a MRI that can also show brain activity) (very expensive)

Answer 30

FMRI

Question 31

Old survival structures (brainstem)

Answer 31

Hindbrain

Question 32

Connects old areas to new areas

Answer 32

Midbrain

Question 33

Complex behaviors (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus)

Answer 33

Forebrain

Question 34

This part of the brain is the oldest part of the brain

Answer 34

Brain stem

Question 35

This part of the brain is the base of the brainstem and controls your heartbeat and breathing

Answer 35

Medualla

Question 36

The nerve network in the brainstem that deals with primarily with arousal (sensory switchboard)

Answer 36

Recticular formation

Question 37

Receives information from the senses (not smell) and routes it to the brain to figure out what is going on (sensory switchboard)

Answer 37

Thalamus

Question 38

That part of the brain called the “little brain”, it’s attached to the rear brainstem it helps with coordination and balance

Answer 38

Cerebellum

Question 39

The part of the brain that coordinates movements and helps control sleep. It is the bridge from the lower brain functions to the higher brain functions.

Answer 39

Pons

Question 40

The doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the boarder of the brainstem and cerebrum that deals with things such as: fear, aggression, and food/sex drives.

Answer 40

Limbic system

Question 41

The part of the brain linked to emotions such as fear, aggression, and anger

Answer 41

Amygdala

Question 42

The part of the brain involved in memory

Answer 42

Hippocampus

Question 43

The _______ is sometimes known as the _______ _________. It is involved with: eating, drinking, body temp, emotions, and regulating sexual behavior. It also works closely with the pituitary gland secreting hormones into the bod

Answer 43

Hypothalamus, reward center

Question 44

The neural cells that cover the cerebral hemisphere and are the body’s ultimate control and information processing center is known as the __________ _________

Answer 44

Cerebral cortex

Question 45

The part of the brain in the front of the head that controls the motor cortex, personality, decision making, and logical thinking

Answer 45

Frontal lobe

Question 46

The part of the brain that is on the top/back of the head that controls somatosensory cortex (sense of touch), math, and spatial reasoning

Answer 46

Pariental lobe

Question 47

The part of the brain that is in the back of the head and controls visual functions

Answer 47

Occipital lobe

Question 48

The part of the brain located on the side of the head that controls auditory functions (hearing) and facial recognition

Answer 48

Temporal lobe

Question 49

The ______ cortex located at the rear of the frontal lobe controls voluntary movements

Answer 49

Motor

Question 50

The _________ cortex located in the pariental lobe receives information form skin surfaces and senses

Answer 50

Somotosensory

Question 51

The ________ function is located in the occipital lobe

Answer 51

Visual

Question 52

The ________ function is located in the temporal lobe

Answer 52

Auditory

Question 53

The name for the parts of the brains that we don’t know their exact functions are (aids in higher level functioning)

Answer 53

Association areas

Question 54

When neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the sending neurons it is known as __________

Answer 54

Re-uptake

Question 55

The neurotransmitter that controls alertness and arousal (also known as adrenaline)

Answer 55

Norepinephrine/ Eppinephrine

Question 56

The neurotransmitter that slows down the body

Answer 56

GABA (Gamma-amnibutyric acid)

Question 57

The neurotransmitter that speeds up the body

Answer 57

Glutamate

Question 58

The neurotransmitter that controls pain and pleasure

Answer 58

Endorphins

Question 59

The neurotransmitter that controls pain perception and immune response

Answer 59

Substance P

Question 60

__________ __________ is a condition in which the body mistakenly blocks ACH. It can cause droopy eyes, make it hard to swallow, and difficult to walk

Answer 60

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 61

Neurotransmitters and receptors fit together like a _______ and ________.

Answer 61

Lock, key

Question 62

________ are drugs that can enable neurotransmitters to fire, while __________ can block neurotransmitters from firing.

Answer 62

Agonists, antagonists

Question 63

The _______ ________ refers to all the nerve cells. It is very speedy!

Answer 63

Nervous system

Question 64

What does the central nervous system CNS) include

Answer 64

Neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Question 65

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include

Answer 65

Neurons outside the spine and brain (everything else)

Question 66

One part of the PNS is called the _______ Nervous system and works when you try to move your muscles (stuff you try to do)

Answer 66

Somatic

Question 67

One part of the PNS called the __________ nervous system which works either your organs that mostly work automatically (things that just happen)

Answer 67

Autonomic

Question 68

The ___________ nervous system automatically arouses the body when it needs it

Answer 68

Sympathetic

Question 69

The ___________ Nervous system calms the body automatically when it needs it

Answer 69

Parasympathetic

Question 70

What 5 things can happen if you become sleep deprived

Answer 70

Fatigue/death Impaired concentration Emotional Irritability Depressed immune system Greater Vulnerability to illness

Question 71

What are the 6 sleep theories

Answer 71

-Sleep protected our ancestors from harm (trait passed down) -Sleep is beneficial to our brain -Sleep is good for memory -Sleep helps with growth (pituitary glad fires when sleeping) -Sleeps good for creativity Sleep conserves energy you'll need for the day

Question 72

The term that describes president problems falling/staying asleep

Answer 72

Insomnia

Question 73

What is the scientific name for sleepwalking

Answer 73

Somnambulism

Question 74

An overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up is known as _______ (also caused by excitement)

Answer 74

Narcolepsy

Question 75

Failure to breathe while asleep is known as ______ _______.

Answer 75

Sleep Apnea

Question 76

this term occurs when normal REM paralysis does not occur. Can cause: twitching, talking, kicking, or the sleeper trying to reenact their dreams.

Answer 76

REM Related Behavior Disorder

Question 77

Frightening dreams that wake someone during REM sleep are known as _________

Answer 77

Nightmares

Question 78

a sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by a physiological reaction (rapid heart rate, perspiration, etc) that happens in NREM3 sleep, are known as ______ _______.

Answer 78

Night-terrors

Question 79

What do we dream about?

Answer 79

1) 8/10 dreams are negative 2) people dream about failure, being attacked, rejected, and other bad things 3) 1/10 male dreams are sexually related. While 1/30 female dreams are sexually related 4) Women dream of both men and women, while men dream more about only men.

Question 80

What is Freuds theory about why we dream?

Answer 80

1)Manifest content = actual dream, latent content = hidden reason for dream (darkest desire)

Question 81

What does the Information processing Theory/Consolidation Theory state?

Answer 81

That dreams help store memories

Question 82

What does the Physiological Function Theory state?

Answer 82

That Dreams keep your brain Stimulated

Question 83

What does the Activation-Synthesis Theory state (ON TEST)?

Answer 83

That our dreams are just random brain firing that we tie into one large story

Question 84

What does the Cognitive Development Theory state?

Answer 84

That we dream to improve thinking

Question 85

When someone is deprived of REM sleep, their future sleep will contain more REM than normal. This is called ___ _________.

Answer 85

REM Rebound

Question 86

_______ _______ are chemical substances that alter perceptions and mood, and thus effect consciousness

Answer 86

Psychoactive Drugs

Question 87

________ ________ ______ is a psychological disorder in which a person continually uses a substance even though it's causing life disruption.

Answer 87

Substance use Disorder

Question 88

_______ is when it takes more and more of a drug to get the same effects (Dependence & Addictions)

Answer 88

tolerance

Question 89

__________ are undesirable (neg.) effects after stopping the use of drugs that one is addicted to. (Dependence & Addictions)

Answer 89

Withdrawal

Question 90

_______ ________ is when someones body feels hurt when not using a drug

Answer 90

Physical Dependence

Question 91

_______ _______ is when your mind craves a drug.

Answer 91

Psychological Dependence

Question 92

A ________ is a craving for something that you know is bad/harmful

Answer 92

Addiction

Question 93

What does the DEPRESSANT alcohol effect

Answer 93

Motor skills, judgement, memory, (increase in aggression/reduction is self awareness)

Question 94

What type of drugs does barbiturates include

Answer 94

sleeping pills, tranquilizers, sedatives, anesthesia related drugs)

Question 95

What do DEPRESSANT drugs do

Answer 95

they reduce neural activity and slow down the bodies functions)

Question 96

what drugs are opiates, and why are they so bad

Answer 96

Morphine, Heroin, Oxycontin, and fentanyl They are VERY addictive

Question 97

what do stimulants do

Answer 97

they excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 98

What does caffeine do (it is a stimulant)

Answer 98

increases heart rate/breathing rate/other automatic body functions.

Question 99

Where can Nicotine be found (it is a stimulant)

Answer 99

it can be found in cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and vapes

Question 100

What is Ecstasy (MDMA or the "party drug") do (is a stimulant)

Answer 100

it causes light hallucinations, and a very high risk of dehydration

Question 100

What is the difference between cocaine and crack cocaine (both are stimulants)

Answer 100

Crack cocaine provides a quicker high and quicker crash. But both provide the same effects

Question 101

In what case can Amphetamines (stimulants) be beneficial

Answer 101

They can be beneficial if used correctly. Otherwise they can have very negative consequences

Question 102

What is a example of a Methamphetamine (stimulant)

Answer 102

Crystal Meth

Question 103

What do Hallucinogenic drugs do

Answer 103

They distort a persons perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 104

What what is another name for a LSD, and what do they do

Answer 104

Acid Cause powerful hallucinations

Question 105

what is THC a active ingredient in, and what does it cause

Answer 105

THC is a active ingredient in marijuana Causes mild hallucinations