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AP Psychology > Unit 6 (Learning) > Flashcards

Unit 6 (Learning) Flashcards

1
Q

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience is known as ________

A

Learning

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2
Q

What is Associative Learning

A

When you learn that certain events occur together (Classical + Operant Conditioning)

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3
Q

What is Cognitive Learning

A

Observing others, watching others or using language to learn

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4
Q

What is the way that we learn that involves learning by connecting 2 things that happen is sequence

A

Classical Conditioning

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5
Q

What is the way that we learn that involves learning through reward and punishment

A

Operant Conditioning

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6
Q

What is the way that we learn that involves learning by watching others

A

Observational Learning (Social Learning)

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7
Q

Is Classical Conditioning Associative or Cognitive learning

A

Associative Learning

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8
Q

Is Operant Conditioning Associative or Cognitive learning

A

Associative Learning

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9
Q

Is observational learning (Social learning) Associative or Cognitive learning

A

Cognitive Learning

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10
Q

What types of behaviors does Classical Conditioning cause

A

Respondent Behavior (Behaviors that occur automatically due to a stimulus)

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11
Q

What types of behaviors does Operant Conditioning cause

A

Operant Behaviors (Learning because you got a consequence)

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12
Q

What types of behaviors does Observation learning (social Learning) cause

A

Learning by repeating what you’ve seen

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13
Q

______ ______ is considered the father of ________ _______ due to his experiments with salivating dogs

A

Ivan Pavlov, Classical Conditioning

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14
Q

What was Pavlov’s experiment
(THINK ABOUT ALL OF THE UNCONDITIONED/CONDITIONED STIMULUS AND RESPONSES AND MAYBE MAKE ANOTHER FEW FLASH CARDS)

A

Pavlov saw that dogs naturally salivated to meat, so he would ring a bell every time he gave a dog meat. Eventually, the dogs would salivate ant time the bell rang which proved Classical Conditioning

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15
Q

What is Acquisition

A

The first moment a connection occurs (In the Pavlov test it was the bell and the meat).
For best results, the natural stimulus needs to come a half second before the unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

What is Higher Order Conditioning

A

It is the same as Classical Conditioning but with an extra step (EX: adding a flashing light before the bell for the Pavlov experiment)

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17
Q

What is Extinction

A

The moment a connection is lost (EX: When the dog stops salivating at the bell)

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18
Q

What is Spontaneous Recovery

A

The fact that After a rest period an extinguished learned behavior can return (EX: the dog will eventually start salivating at the bell again)

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19
Q

What is Stimulus Generalization

A

When anything close to the CS gets the desired response (EX: A dog salivates at a door bell because it sound similar)

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20
Q

What is Stimulus Descrimination

A

When only the CS gives the desired response (EX: the dog only salivates at the bell and NOTHING ELSE)

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21
Q

What did Pavlov forget to pay attention to during his experiments (probably on test) that talks about how thinking may have affected his research

A

Cognitive Processes (sometimes you can out think a conditioned stimulus)

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22
Q

A problem in Pavlov’s experiment were he thought all animals could be conditioned the same way. But some animals have a easier time making associations (preparedness)

A

Biological disposition (different animals are biologically different and react differently to things)

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23
Q

What experiment proved that biological disposition was real. And how did they prove it

A
  1. John Garcia’s (Koelling) rat studies
  2. They tested taste aversion in rats to see how quickly they could connect getting sick to different tastes, rats can do it quicker than other animals, proving BD
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24
Q

What is Pavlov’s legacy

A
  1. Considered the father of classical conditioning
  2. Contributed to what is now known as the behavioral perspective of psychology
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25
Q

What was the “little baby Albert” experiment testing for

A

Classical conditioning in humans

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26
Q

How did the “little baby Albert” experiment test classical conditioning

A

They would give a baby something he wasn’t afraid of (rats for instance) and then make a loud banging sound to scare the child, eventually the child connected the 2 and was scared by rats

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27
Q

What were the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the baby Albert experiment

A

UCS: Loud Noise
UCR: Fear/Crying
CS: White Rat
CR: Fear/Crying

28
Q

What are the differences between Operant and Classical Conditioning

A

Classical condition is learning by forming connections between 2 things that happen close together. Operant Conditioning is learning through rewards/punishments

29
Q

If Pavlov is considered the father of Classical Conditioning, then _______ should be considered the father of Operant Conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

30
Q

What is the Law of Effect

A

If you are rewarded for doing something you are likely to repeat it

31
Q

How did skinner test for operant conditioning

A

He used a operant chamber (a box that had a button that dispenses food) and put rats/pigeons in it. Eventually the rat/pigeon would continuously press the button to get food, proving his idea

32
Q

Learning a large pattern of behavior through rewards and punishment is known as _________ (ex: teaching a dog to roll over)

A

Shaping

33
Q

Each step towards the shaping process is known as a _________ _________ (ex: dog laying down, then rolling over after)

A

Successive approximations

34
Q

A stimulus that elicits a response after reinforcement is known as _______ ________

A

Discriminative stimulus

35
Q

Any event that strengthens a behavior is known as a ___________

A

Reinforcer/reward

36
Q

What is positive reinforcement. Name an example

A

Positive reinforcement is when you add something good

37
Q

What is negative reinforcement. Give an example

A

Negative reinforcement is when you take away something bad

38
Q

An aversive event that decreases the behavior that follows is known as ________

A

Punishment

39
Q

What is a positive punishment. Give an example

A

A positive punishment is when you add something bad

40
Q

What is a negative punishment. Give an example

A

A negative punishment is when you take away something good

41
Q

What is an immediate reinforcer

A

A reward/punishment that is given right away after an action

42
Q

What is a Delayed reinforcer

A

A reward/punishment that is given at a later time

43
Q

What is a primary reinforcement (ex: food/water)

A

A reward that has direct value

44
Q

What is a secondary (conditioned) reinforcement (ex: money)

A

A reward that only has value because it can be exchanged for something else

45
Q

What is Continuous Reinforcement (easy acquisition, easy extinction)

A

Reward given each time you do something

46
Q

What is Partial Reinforcement (slow acquisition, slow extinction)

A

Reward given only sometimes after you do something

47
Q

What is a fixed ration (ex: 10 items sold for a bonus)

A

Reward based on the number of times you do something, and the number remains the same

48
Q

What is a variable ratio (ex: gambling)

A

Reward based on the number of times you do something, and the number changes

49
Q

What is a fixed interval (ex: teachers getting payed for hours worked)

A

Reward based on the time you wait, and that time stays the same

50
Q

What is a variable interval (ex: waiting for a sunny to day give out paychecks)

A

Reward based on the time you wait, and that time changes

51
Q

What is a Scalloped Graph
- What does it show

What type of schedule for partial reinforcement does it apply to

A

A Scalloped Graph shows that as the reward gets closer, productivity goes up

Scalloped Graphs follow the Fixed Interval schedule

52
Q

What are the 3 questions you should ask when given a question about Schedules for Partial Reinforcement

A
  1. What is the reward/punishment
  2. Is the reward based on time or number of times you do something
  3. Is the time/number consistent
53
Q

What is Latent Learning

A

When you prove you know something only after you’re rewarded for it

54
Q

What is a Cognitive Map

A

When your brain has a “layout” of a specific area/thing

55
Q

What is Intrensic Motivation

A

Wanting to do something for the joy of doing it

56
Q

What is Extrensic Motivation

A

Wanting to do something for anything besides joy (rewards usually)

57
Q

What is the Over justifying Effect

A

If you are rewarded for something you already like doing, you will like doing it less

58
Q

What cognitive processes could’ve affected Skinner’s research (name 5)

A
  1. Skinner didn’t think about how thinking affects operant conditioning
  2. Cognitive mapping
  3. Latent thinking
  4. Intrensic/Extrensic motivation
  5. Over Justifying Effect
59
Q

What Biological Predispositions could’ve caused problems in Skinner’s research (name 2)

A
  1. Some animals are easier to Operantly Condition
  2. Instinctive drift
60
Q

What is Instinctive Drift

A

The tendency of learned behaviors to gradually revert back to biologically predisposed patters

61
Q

What is Observational (Social) Learning

A

Learning by observing others

62
Q

What are the 2 types of Observational Learning and what do they mean

A

Modeling: Directly copying behaviors
Vicarious Conditioning: Learning by watching someone else get praised/punished

63
Q

What are Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons in your brain that copy what the neurons in someone else’s brain is doing

64
Q

Who ran the “Bobo Doll” experiment

A

Bandura

65
Q

What was the Bobo Doll experiment testing

A

Observational Learning

66
Q

What happened in the Bobo Doll experiment

A

A group of kids watched a violent video and the other group didn’t. They were then put into a room with toys and were observed to see if they would pick the violent or non-violent toys.

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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