Unit 6 (Learning) Flashcards
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience is known as ________
Learning
What is Associative Learning
When you learn that certain events occur together (Classical + Operant Conditioning)
What is Cognitive Learning
Observing others, watching others or using language to learn
What is the way that we learn that involves learning by connecting 2 things that happen is sequence
Classical Conditioning
What is the way that we learn that involves learning through reward and punishment
Operant Conditioning
What is the way that we learn that involves learning by watching others
Observational Learning (Social Learning)
Is Classical Conditioning Associative or Cognitive learning
Associative Learning
Is Operant Conditioning Associative or Cognitive learning
Associative Learning
Is observational learning (Social learning) Associative or Cognitive learning
Cognitive Learning
What types of behaviors does Classical Conditioning cause
Respondent Behavior (Behaviors that occur automatically due to a stimulus)
What types of behaviors does Operant Conditioning cause
Operant Behaviors (Learning because you got a consequence)
What types of behaviors does Observation learning (social Learning) cause
Learning by repeating what you’ve seen
______ ______ is considered the father of ________ _______ due to his experiments with salivating dogs
Ivan Pavlov, Classical Conditioning
What was Pavlov’s experiment
(THINK ABOUT ALL OF THE UNCONDITIONED/CONDITIONED STIMULUS AND RESPONSES AND MAYBE MAKE ANOTHER FEW FLASH CARDS)
Pavlov saw that dogs naturally salivated to meat, so he would ring a bell every time he gave a dog meat. Eventually, the dogs would salivate ant time the bell rang which proved Classical Conditioning
What is Acquisition
The first moment a connection occurs (In the Pavlov test it was the bell and the meat).
For best results, the natural stimulus needs to come a half second before the unconditioned stimulus
What is Higher Order Conditioning
It is the same as Classical Conditioning but with an extra step (EX: adding a flashing light before the bell for the Pavlov experiment)
What is Extinction
The moment a connection is lost (EX: When the dog stops salivating at the bell)
What is Spontaneous Recovery
The fact that After a rest period an extinguished learned behavior can return (EX: the dog will eventually start salivating at the bell again)
What is Stimulus Generalization
When anything close to the CS gets the desired response (EX: A dog salivates at a door bell because it sound similar)
What is Stimulus Descrimination
When only the CS gives the desired response (EX: the dog only salivates at the bell and NOTHING ELSE)
What did Pavlov forget to pay attention to during his experiments (probably on test) that talks about how thinking may have affected his research
Cognitive Processes (sometimes you can out think a conditioned stimulus)
A problem in Pavlov’s experiment were he thought all animals could be conditioned the same way. But some animals have a easier time making associations (preparedness)
Biological disposition (different animals are biologically different and react differently to things)
What experiment proved that biological disposition was real. And how did they prove it
- John Garcia’s (Koelling) rat studies
- They tested taste aversion in rats to see how quickly they could connect getting sick to different tastes, rats can do it quicker than other animals, proving BD
What is Pavlov’s legacy
- Considered the father of classical conditioning
- Contributed to what is now known as the behavioral perspective of psychology
What was the “little baby Albert” experiment testing for
Classical conditioning in humans
How did the “little baby Albert” experiment test classical conditioning
They would give a baby something he wasn’t afraid of (rats for instance) and then make a loud banging sound to scare the child, eventually the child connected the 2 and was scared by rats
What were the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the baby Albert experiment
UCS: Loud Noise
UCR: Fear/Crying
CS: White Rat
CR: Fear/Crying
What are the differences between Operant and Classical Conditioning
Classical condition is learning by forming connections between 2 things that happen close together. Operant Conditioning is learning through rewards/punishments
If Pavlov is considered the father of Classical Conditioning, then _______ should be considered the father of Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
What is the Law of Effect
If you are rewarded for doing something you are likely to repeat it
How did skinner test for operant conditioning
He used a operant chamber (a box that had a button that dispenses food) and put rats/pigeons in it. Eventually the rat/pigeon would continuously press the button to get food, proving his idea
Learning a large pattern of behavior through rewards and punishment is known as _________ (ex: teaching a dog to roll over)
Shaping
Each step towards the shaping process is known as a _________ _________ (ex: dog laying down, then rolling over after)
Successive approximations
A stimulus that elicits a response after reinforcement is known as _______ ________
Discriminative stimulus
Any event that strengthens a behavior is known as a ___________
Reinforcer/reward
What is positive reinforcement. Name an example
Positive reinforcement is when you add something good
What is negative reinforcement. Give an example
Negative reinforcement is when you take away something bad
An aversive event that decreases the behavior that follows is known as ________
Punishment
What is a positive punishment. Give an example
A positive punishment is when you add something bad
What is a negative punishment. Give an example
A negative punishment is when you take away something good
What is an immediate reinforcer
A reward/punishment that is given right away after an action
What is a Delayed reinforcer
A reward/punishment that is given at a later time
What is a primary reinforcement (ex: food/water)
A reward that has direct value
What is a secondary (conditioned) reinforcement (ex: money)
A reward that only has value because it can be exchanged for something else
What is Continuous Reinforcement (easy acquisition, easy extinction)
Reward given each time you do something
What is Partial Reinforcement (slow acquisition, slow extinction)
Reward given only sometimes after you do something
What is a fixed ration (ex: 10 items sold for a bonus)
Reward based on the number of times you do something, and the number remains the same
What is a variable ratio (ex: gambling)
Reward based on the number of times you do something, and the number changes
What is a fixed interval (ex: teachers getting payed for hours worked)
Reward based on the time you wait, and that time stays the same
What is a variable interval (ex: waiting for a sunny to day give out paychecks)
Reward based on the time you wait, and that time changes
What is a Scalloped Graph
- What does it show
What type of schedule for partial reinforcement does it apply to
A Scalloped Graph shows that as the reward gets closer, productivity goes up
Scalloped Graphs follow the Fixed Interval schedule
What are the 3 questions you should ask when given a question about Schedules for Partial Reinforcement
- What is the reward/punishment
- Is the reward based on time or number of times you do something
- Is the time/number consistent
What is Latent Learning
When you prove you know something only after you’re rewarded for it
What is a Cognitive Map
When your brain has a “layout” of a specific area/thing
What is Intrensic Motivation
Wanting to do something for the joy of doing it
What is Extrensic Motivation
Wanting to do something for anything besides joy (rewards usually)
What is the Over justifying Effect
If you are rewarded for something you already like doing, you will like doing it less
What cognitive processes could’ve affected Skinner’s research (name 5)
- Skinner didn’t think about how thinking affects operant conditioning
- Cognitive mapping
- Latent thinking
- Intrensic/Extrensic motivation
- Over Justifying Effect
What Biological Predispositions could’ve caused problems in Skinner’s research (name 2)
- Some animals are easier to Operantly Condition
- Instinctive drift
What is Instinctive Drift
The tendency of learned behaviors to gradually revert back to biologically predisposed patters
What is Observational (Social) Learning
Learning by observing others
What are the 2 types of Observational Learning and what do they mean
Modeling: Directly copying behaviors
Vicarious Conditioning: Learning by watching someone else get praised/punished
What are Mirror Neurons
Neurons in your brain that copy what the neurons in someone else’s brain is doing
Who ran the “Bobo Doll” experiment
Bandura
What was the Bobo Doll experiment testing
Observational Learning
What happened in the Bobo Doll experiment
A group of kids watched a violent video and the other group didn’t. They were then put into a room with toys and were observed to see if they would pick the violent or non-violent toys.
