Unit 3 (Developmental psychology) Flashcards
A job in Psychology that studies that physical, Cognitive, and social-emotional development throughout a human or animal’s lifespan is called _______ _______. (works with kids but does tests)
Developmental Psychologist
One issue discussed in developmental psych that talks about how inheritance and experiences influence our behavior (**)
Nature vs. Nurture
One issue discussed in developmental psych that argues about if development is gradual or a sequence of chucks (separate stages) (**)
Continuity vs. Stages
One issue discussed in developmental psych that talks about if personality traits from a young age will persist throughout life, or if we will grow out of them as we grow (**)
Stability vs. Change
Darwin believed in survival of the fittest. Those traits that were best Abel to aid in survival were kept, those that weren’t were lost. This is called ______ _______.
Natural Selection
_______ is the unethical process for selectively breeding for desired traits (EX: people aren’t allowed to give birth because they aren’t smart) (VERY bad) (*)
Eugenics
_______ is a complete set of instructions for making an organism
genome
______ are biochemical units of heredity
genes
_________ occur when there is a random error in gene replication that leads to as change (EX: down syndrome)
Mutations
A single ______ cell penetrates the outer coating of a ______ and fuse
sperm, egg
a sperm and egg cell combine into ____ _____ _____
one fertilized cell
a ______ is a fertilized cell with 100 cells that become increasingly diverse (start of a baby) (*)
Zygote
At about 14 days the zygote becomes a _______ (*)
embryo
At about 9 weeks the embryo turns into a _______ (*)
fetus
________ are chemicals (EX: drugs) and viruses (EX: flu) that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus. An example of this would be with alcohol which can cause Fetal alcohol syndrome (Cognitive/physical effects are changed by heavy drinking from mother while pregnant) (*)
Teratogens
_______-_______ ______: study of different people across different age groups to note changes in development (*) (BIG on test) (opp. (ish) of longitudinal study)
cross-sectional Study
____________ _____: Study the same group of people as they develop and note changes (*) (BIG on test) (opp. (ish) of cross-sectional Study)
Longitudinal study
Infants are born with _______ that help with their survival (*) (VERY BIG on test)
reflexes
_____ ______: Baby turns head towards source of touch (*)
Rooting Reflex
____ _____: Baby grasps on to a object (*)
Grasping Reflex
______ ______: Arms and legs spring out, fists clench (EX: when a baby feels like the are falling)
Startle Reflex
Infants tend to pay attention to ____ objects for longer periods of time than ____ objects, which shows _________(TERM) (**)
newer, older, HABITUATION (TERM)
_______ is the time frame in a person’s life that goes from newborn to toddler
Infancy
________ stage goes from a person’s toddler age to their teenage years.
Childhood
An infant’s _________ brain overproduces _______ especially in the frontal lobe which deals with logical thinking (aids in picking up lots of info very quick)
developing, neurons
The development of the brain unfolds based on _______ instructions. instructions cause various bodily/mental processes to occur in sequence. This process is known as _________ (stuff like walking can only happen when the brain is ready, there’s nothing you can do to make it come earlier) (**)
genetic, MATURATION (TERM)
_____ ____ _____: Skills that require small muscle groups (pinching/picking items up) (*) (one mc on test)
Fine motor skills
_____ _____ _____: Skills that require large muscle groups. (walking, crawling)
Gross motor skills
An infant can begin storing memories around ___ years old. While real long term memory exists around ______ years old. There fore memories are stored differently from 3-4 years old.
3.5, 5
(French) Famous Psychologist _______ was interested in ______ development or the development or the development of information processing, perception, etc. (**) (on test)
Jean Piaget, cognitive
Molds that we pour our experiences into are known as ________. (folders in our brain to categorize things) (***) (on test)
schemes
The Process of incorporating new experiences into our current understanding or scheme is referred to as _________. (***) (applies even if it is wrong)
assimilation
Adjusting or modifying a scheme for a new thing is called __________. (***)
accommodation
Level 1 of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development is called _________.
Sensorimotor
What age are you in the Sensorimotor stage
Birth to 2 years old (infancy)
What is the description of the Sensorimotor stage
Exploring the world though senses
Developmental Phenomena in the Senosrimotor stage
1) Object permanence (knowing objects exist even if you cant see them)
2) Stranger anxiety (stranger danger)
What is level 2 of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (BEST MCQ GUESS)
Preoperational
What is the Average age range for the preoperational stage
2 to about 6-7 years old
What is the description of the Preoperational stage
Thinking with your gut (no deep thinking yet)
What are developmental Phenomena in the preoperational stage (think A.P.P.L.E)
1) Pretended play (use imagination)
2) Egocentrism (can’t see new perspectives) (if I know then you know too)
3) Language Development
4) Animism (giving life like traits to inanimate objects) (tripping on sidewalk)
5) Parallel Play (playing with the same toy but not together)
What is level 3 of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development
Concrete Operational
What is the average age range for kids in the Concrete Operational stage
7-11 years old
What is the description of the Concrete Operational stage
Kids think logically (school things like math and reading)
What are Developmental Phenomena that happen in the Concrete Operational stage
1) Conservation (Physical properties stay the same even if it appears changed) (glass of water
2) Mathematical Transformations (working backwards)
What is level 4 of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive development
Formal Operational
What is the average age range for people in the Formal Operational stage
12 years old to adulthood
What is the description of the Formal Operational stage
Abstract thinking
What developmental phenomena happen in the Formal Operation stage
1) abstract thinking (hypothetical, questioning ideas, can think in multiple layers)
2) mature moral reasoning (thinking about laws, developing own moral codes)
What are criticism of Piaget’s stages
more recent research has proven that kids develop much quicker than he thought. (for example, kids have a “theory of mind” which goes against his ideas of egocentrism)
What are the three ideas that researchers believe about cognitive development today
1) Development is a continuous process, not stages
2) Children express their mental abilities and operations at earlier ages than Piaget thought
The key is the gap between what a kid can do and what they can’t do. That gap covers everything they could do with help, that is the key to development. He worked with scaffolding which meams to subtly make things harder and harder to improve learning.
Lev Vgotsky’s Zone of PRoximal Development
1) ______ worked with baby ____ _____ 2) gave them wire mother with food, also gave them cloth mother without food. 3) they would chose to spend time with cloth mom proving CONTACT COMFORT is a strong factor in attachment. (WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS STUDY) (**) (3 mcq’s)
Harlow’s Monkey studies
What are factors of attachments (*) (ON TEST)
contact comfort, nourishment, familiarity (you get so used to something you don’t want to leave it), imprinting (attaching to the first thing you see)
what is the first step of Mary Ainsworth’s Attachment research (parents leave child and then come back)
Strange situation
What is the most common and best reaction that a kid should have after represented with a strange situation
Secure Attachment (extreme stress when parent leaves, when parent returns, calms down with parent in room)
what is the 2nd most common reaction in the Mary Ainsworth Attachment research
Insecure (avoidant) attachment (extreme stress when parent leaves, doesn’t want to be held by parent when they return)
what is the 3rd most uncommon reaction in the Mary Ainsworth Attachment research
Insecure (ambivalent/Resistant) attachment (extreme stress when parent leaves, can not calm down once parent returns)
what is the least common reaction in the Mary Ainsworth Attachment Research
Disorganized Attachment (confused and wandering thought the entire experiment)
This term peaks at around 13 months of age, regardless of whether the children are home or sent to daycare.
Separation Anxiety
the term is related to ACE (adverse childhood experiences) can included: abuse, neglect, violence.
When children are deprived, there are common symptoms: withdrawn, frightened, unable to develop speech.
Deprivation
A ______-______ is a sense of one’s own identity, personal self-worth
self-concept
A person’s ________ is their mental, physical, and emotional traits
Temperament (kinda like personality)
One type of parenting style where parents impose rules/expect obedience
Authoritarian
One type of parenting style where the parents submit to children’s demands
Permissive
One type of parenting style where the parents are demanding but explain their rational for rules
Authoritative
One type of parenting style where the parents are uninvolved, and neither demanding or responsive
Neglectful
We no longer believe that development ends at a certain age. The life stage between childhood and adulthood is known as _________
adolescence
Adolescence begins with _______ and usually occurs in girls earlier than in boys
puberty
what does Menarche mean
First Menstrual Period
what does spermarche mean
First ejaculation
What are the primary changes in puberty
changes that occur during puberty that aid in reproduction
What are the secondary changes in puberty
changes that occur during puberty that DO NOT aid in reproduction (physical qualities)
During adolescence, unused _______ are lost to make speedier connections between the ones being used
neurons
During adolescence, development of the ______ ______ lags behind that of the limbic system (explains why teens make impulsive actions)
Frontal lobe
Although lagging behind, the ________ does produce _____ to speed up connections that exist
frontal lobe, myelin
According to Piaget, adolescents are in the ________ _______ stage of their cognitive development because they can think about issues and problems
Formal Operational
Moral _____ refers to one’s stance on a particular issue
Thinking
Moral ____ is one’s emotions when dealing with a particular issue (empathy)
Feeling
Moral ______ is one’s response to a particular issue (stepping in)
Actions
the stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning that takes place at 6 years old (when right/wrong is based on rewards/punishments)
Preconventional
the stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning that takes place at 10 years old (when right/wrong is based on what authority figures say)
Conventional
the stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning that takes place at a teen age (when people begin to develop their own moral codes)
Post conventional
What was Carol Gilligan’s Response to Kohlberg’s ideas
1) Kohlberg should’ve used both boys and girls, not just boys
2) boys have an all or none view of morality, girls Pay special attention to situation factors (girls might ask for more info to make decision)
What is the system that influences your life (Ecological Systems Theory) that talks about how people (friends/family) influence you
Microsystem
What is the system that influences your life (Ecological Systems Theory) that talks about relationships between people in your microsystem (makes their advise stronger)
Mesosystem
What is the system that influences your life (Ecological Systems Theory) that talks about how different environment affect you (community for example)
Exosystem
What is the system that influences your life (Ecological Systems Theory) that talks about how your culture influences you
Macrosystem
What is the system that influences your life (Ecological Systems Theory) that talks about how different life events can change how you are (divorce, collage, etc.)
Chronosystem
What is the 1st stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Infancy
Issue: Trust vs Mistrust
Description of task: A kid who is loved/cared for will learn to trust (if they aren’t loved then they won’t trust)
What is the 2nd stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Toddlerhood
Issue: Autonomy vs Shame/doubt
Description of task: Taking over your own body (eating, tying shoes, potty training)
What is the 3rd stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Preschool
Issue: Initiative vs guilt
Description of task: Showing preferences (movies, food, places, etc)
What is the 4th stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Elementry School
Issue: Industry vs Inferiority
Description of task: Success/failure in school/sports (stuff you are good at = Industry)
Stuff you are bad at = Inferiority)
What is the 5th stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Adolesense
Issue: Identity vs Role Confusion
Description of task: Who am I? what is important to me? (Ex: finding friend groups)
What is the 6th stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Young Adulthood
Issue: Intimacy vs Isolation
Description of task: marriage/finding a partner/close friendships
What is the 7th stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Middle Adulthood
Issue: Generativity vs Stagnation
Description of task: give purpose to your life (having kids, just something to give your life direction and purpose)
What is the 8th stage, issue, and task that one completes according to Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psycho-social development
Stage name: Late Adulthood
Issue: Integrity vs Despair
Description of task: Looking back on your life (happy = Integrity) (Sad = Despair)
What is step 1 in James Marcia’s Identity Development Theory
Diffusion (a person doesn’t have a clear commitment to their identity/don’t know themselves as a person)
What is step 2 in James Marcia’s Identity Development Theory
Foreclosure (premature commitment with little exploration (Ex: band kid)
What is step 3 in James Marcia’s Identity Development Theory
Moratorium (actively seeking a meaningful identity)
What is step 4 in James Marcia’s Identity Development Theory
Achievement (committed sense of self. You know and are comfortable with who you truly are)
______ ______ refers to the period of 18-25 between adolescence and adulthood
Emerging Adulthood (think collage kids)
A person’s ______ _______ refers to their group memberships that help them understand themselves (Religion, cultural backgrounds, etc.)
Social identity
After a person’s mid 20’s, that person moves into the _______ stage of life
Adulthood
What are areas that decrease in effectiveness during the adulthood stage (there are 9 total)
1)Physical abilities (peak at 20)
2)Muscle strength, reaction time, and sensory abilities decline
3)Around 50, women go through menopause, men experience decreased levels of fertility
4)The brain starts to slow down
5)Motor abilities decline (think about car accidents)
6)higher chance of getting dementia (unnatural memory loss)
7)An increase in a chance to get Alzheimer disease (memory loss disease)
8) prospective memory stays the same (remembering when to do stuff (schedules)
9)Life satisfaction/happiness doesn’t decrease
_____ _____ continues to go up for all people. while ______ the d to outlive ______ globally
Life expectancy, women, men
______ intelligence refers to your ability to reason quickly, this deteriorates with age. _________ intelligence refers to your accumulated knowledge and skills, this does not go away with old age
Fluid, Crystalline/crystallized
A ______ _______ refers to a culture’s preferred timing of events (marriage, retirement)
Social Clock
what are the 5 stages of grief according to Kubler-ross and (death and Dying)
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance (in that order)
