Unit 7 (Memory) Flashcards
______ is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve info
Memory
Most people don’t have any memories of their first four years of life. This is known as _________ _______ (*)
Infantile Amnesia
A very important and emotional memory (ex: where you were when COVID shut down schools) may make a very meaningful and strong memory known as a ________ ______ (*)
Flashbuld memory
What are the 3 stages of memory in order (FACT) (**)
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
What is the order of the Multi-store Model of Memory (Think paying attention and Repetition) (*******) (THEORY)
Sensory Memory, Short term memory, Long term memory
What are the 2 problems with the Multi-store Model of Memory
- Some info skips sensory/short term memory and enters long term
- Nature of short term memory is more complex
What is the order of the Working Memory Model (THEORY) (***)
Sensory Memory, Working Memory, Long Term Memory (you live in Working Memory)
In the working model of memory YOU are known as the ______ _______ because you choose what to focus on (*)
Central Executive
You repeat info you’ve heard, called the _________ ______ to help you remember it (*) (fancy name for repetition)
Phonological Loop
You also use the _________ ______ to remember where objects are in space (*) (think Cognitive Map)
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Memory that happens without effort is known as ______ ______
Automatic Processing
Memory that involves putting effort towards learning is known as ______ _____
Effortful Processing
When you repeat something over and over it’s called ________ ________ (**)
Maintenance Rehearsal
When you repeat information but try to connect it to a deeper meaning at the same time it’s known as _______ _______ (**)
Elaborative Rehearsal
What is Semantic Memory
(EX: knowing what a chair is)
A memory based on a definition
What is Procedural Memory
(EX: tying shoes)
A memory based on the order that it takes to complete a task
What is Episodic Memory
(EX: Remembering your dinner)
Remembering an exact event (Flasbulbs are a type of this memory)
When you remember events from your life we call that __________ _____
Autobiographical Memory
The ______ ______ is the fact that we remember more when we study in small bursts rather than all at once (*)
Spacing Effect
When you try to cram all at once it’s called _____ _____
Massed Practice
When you try to study a little at a time, it’s called _____ ____
Distributed Practice
The ______ _______ _______ is the fact that we remember information most at the beginning and the end of a list (*******)
Serial Position Effect
When you remember the first few items in a list it’s called ________ ______
Primacy Effect
When you remember the last few items in a list it’s called ______ ______
Recency Effect
The ______ ______ says that if you quiz yourself on things to be remembered (Flashcards), you will remember it better
Testing Effect
The _____ __ ______ _________ of memory says that there are three levels that you can memorize something. The higher the level, the more likely you will keep the memory
Levels of Processing Model
What is the first level of the Levels of Processing Model and how do you remember in this stage
-Structural Processing
-How a word is spelled/how it looks
What is the second level of the Levels of Processing Model and how do you remember in this stage
-Phonemic Processing
-By a way a word sounds
What is the third level of the Levels of Processing Model and how do you remember in this stage
-Sematic Processing
-Remembering a word by Definition
Any trick that helps you remember something is called a ___________ (ex: method of loci, chunking, hierarchy)
Mnemonics
When you visualize items in different rooms of your house to remember them that is called the ______ _____ _______
Method of Loci
________ is putting things into meaningful units
Chunking
A ________ is when you create memories on different levels (ex: flow chart)
Hierarchy
__________ is thinking about your own thinking
Metacognition
When you connect the things you are studying with other topics you already know we call it ____________
Interleaving
What is the Capacity and duration of Sensory Memory
Unlimited capacity
Depending on the sense it’s usually no more than a split second
What are the 3 forms of memory for sensory memory
Iconic memory (sense of sight)
Echoic memory (sense of sound)
Hepatic memory (Sense of touch)
What is the Capacity and duration of Working memory (short-term)
7 + or - 2
20 seconds
What is the Capacity and duration of Long-term memory
Unlimited capacity
Could be forever
What is a Ebbinghous Curve
You forget most of what you learn, but what sticks stays with you for a LONG time
Current research into memories links them with the strengthening of _________ between neurons. Particularly the release of __________. This is called ________ ________ _______
Synapses
Serotonin
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
What do stress hormones have to do with memory
A little stress is good for storing memories, but to much stress isn’t
What is Anterograde Amnesia
When you remember everything before a certain event, but cannot form new memories after
What is explicit (declarative) memory (ex: who is the first president)
Where in the brain is it located Can you form new memories with anterograde amnesia
Memories that you can state + prove you know
Hippocampus + Frontal Lobe
You can’t form new memories
What is Implicit (nondeclaritive) memory (ex: snowboarding)
Where in the brain is it located Can you form new memories with anterograde amnesia
Memories that you must do an action to prove
Cerebellum + Basal Ganglia
You can form new memories
_________ refers to getting information out of the memory store
Retrieval
What is recognition (ex: MCQ)
When you identify an item amongst other choices
What is recall (ex: fill in the blank test)
Directly retrieving info from your brain
What is true about relearning
You learn something faster the second time
_________ _______ are a web of associations that help you recall things from your memory
Retrieval Cues
__________ refers to the process of activating strands from your memory to help you remember a particular piece of info (think manipulation)
Priming
The state that someone was in (sleepy for example) is the best place to retrieve that memory. This is known as ______ ______ _______
State dependent memory
The place you learned a memory (in a classroom for example) is the best place to retrieve that memory. This is known as ______ ______ _____
Context dependent memory
What is Deja Vu and what do psychologist think about it
Deja Vu is the feeling that you’ve “experienced this before”
Psychologists think that it’s your brain tricking you by recalling a similar experience you may have
_______ _______ ______ is a term that states that the memories you retrieve most often matches the current mood that you are in (ex: if you’re happy you will remember happy things)
Mood congruent memory
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or Retrieval is known as _____________
Forgetting
What is an Encoding failure
(ex: head side of penny)
When the memory doesn’t even get into your brain
What is storage decay
(ex: being able to speak a language in the past)
The memory is in your brain but it’s lost overtime
What is Retrieval failure
(Tip of the tongue phenomenon)
The memory is in your brain but you don’t know how to get to it
What is PROactive interference
(ex: getting a new password)
When something old makes you forget something new
What is RETROactive Interference
When something new make you forget something old
What is motivated forgetting
When you try to block out unwanted memories
What is Repression
(type of motivated forgetting)
Freud’s defense mechanism that unconsciously blocked out unwanted memories
What is retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember info from your past
______________ happens when a stored memory, when retrieved, gets altered before you store it again. This can lead to all kinds of memory problems
Reconsolidation
While forming memories we tend to fill in missing pieces of info. This can lead to the ___________ __________ when you incorporate misleading info into your memory of an event
Misinformation Effect
What was the Misinformation Effect Study
people watched a video of 2 cars hitting each other
group a was told did the glass break when they HIT each other
group b was told did the glass break when they SMASHED each other (group be had a higher % say yes)
_______ _______ -refers to attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced (ex: believing you wrote a song but you heard it from another person)
Source Amnesia
The _____ _____ ______ is our tendency to think something has happened to you when it’s only been imagined
Imagination Inflation Effect
When we add our own beliefs and attitudes on top of an existing memory this is called _______ ________
Constructive Memory
What is true about false memories/Eyewitness Testimony
We know that memories can be forgotten, but we also know people can create false memories. So eyewitness testimony’s should be treated with skepticism
