Unit 7 (Memory) Flashcards

1
Q

______ is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve info

A

Memory

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2
Q

Most people don’t have any memories of their first four years of life. This is known as _________ _______ (*)

A

Infantile Amnesia

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3
Q

A very important and emotional memory (ex: where you were when COVID shut down schools) may make a very meaningful and strong memory known as a ________ ______ (*)

A

Flashbuld memory

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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory in order (FACT) (**)

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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5
Q

What is the order of the Multi-store Model of Memory (Think paying attention and Repetition) (*******) (THEORY)

A

Sensory Memory, Short term memory, Long term memory

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6
Q

What are the 2 problems with the Multi-store Model of Memory

A
  1. Some info skips sensory/short term memory and enters long term
  2. Nature of short term memory is more complex
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7
Q

What is the order of the Working Memory Model (THEORY) (***)

A

Sensory Memory, Working Memory, Long Term Memory (you live in Working Memory)

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8
Q

In the working model of memory YOU are known as the ______ _______ because you choose what to focus on (*)

A

Central Executive

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9
Q

You repeat info you’ve heard, called the _________ ______ to help you remember it (*) (fancy name for repetition)

A

Phonological Loop

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10
Q

You also use the _________ ______ to remember where objects are in space (*) (think Cognitive Map)

A

Visuospatial Sketchpad

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11
Q

Memory that happens without effort is known as ______ ______

A

Automatic Processing

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12
Q

Memory that involves putting effort towards learning is known as ______ _____

A

Effortful Processing

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13
Q

When you repeat something over and over it’s called ________ ________ (**)

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

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14
Q

When you repeat information but try to connect it to a deeper meaning at the same time it’s known as _______ _______ (**)

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

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15
Q

What is Semantic Memory
(EX: knowing what a chair is)

A

A memory based on a definition

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16
Q

What is Procedural Memory
(EX: tying shoes)

A

A memory based on the order that it takes to complete a task

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17
Q

What is Episodic Memory
(EX: Remembering your dinner)

A

Remembering an exact event (Flasbulbs are a type of this memory)

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18
Q

When you remember events from your life we call that __________ _____

A

Autobiographical Memory

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19
Q

The ______ ______ is the fact that we remember more when we study in small bursts rather than all at once (*)

A

Spacing Effect

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20
Q

When you try to cram all at once it’s called _____ _____

A

Massed Practice

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21
Q

When you try to study a little at a time, it’s called _____ ____

A

Distributed Practice

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22
Q

The ______ _______ _______ is the fact that we remember information most at the beginning and the end of a list (*******)

A

Serial Position Effect

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23
Q

When you remember the first few items in a list it’s called ________ ______

A

Primacy Effect

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24
Q

When you remember the last few items in a list it’s called ______ ______

A

Recency Effect

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25
Q

The ______ ______ says that if you quiz yourself on things to be remembered (Flashcards), you will remember it better

A

Testing Effect

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26
Q

The _____ __ ______ _________ of memory says that there are three levels that you can memorize something. The higher the level, the more likely you will keep the memory

A

Levels of Processing Model

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27
Q

What is the first level of the Levels of Processing Model and how do you remember in this stage

A

-Structural Processing
-How a word is spelled/how it looks

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28
Q

What is the second level of the Levels of Processing Model and how do you remember in this stage

A

-Phonemic Processing
-By a way a word sounds

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29
Q

What is the third level of the Levels of Processing Model and how do you remember in this stage

A

-Sematic Processing
-Remembering a word by Definition

30
Q

Any trick that helps you remember something is called a ___________ (ex: method of loci, chunking, hierarchy)

31
Q

When you visualize items in different rooms of your house to remember them that is called the ______ _____ _______

A

Method of Loci

32
Q

________ is putting things into meaningful units

33
Q

A ________ is when you create memories on different levels (ex: flow chart)

34
Q

__________ is thinking about your own thinking

A

Metacognition

35
Q

When you connect the things you are studying with other topics you already know we call it ____________

A

Interleaving

36
Q

What is the Capacity and duration of Sensory Memory

A

Unlimited capacity
Depending on the sense it’s usually no more than a split second

37
Q

What are the 3 forms of memory for sensory memory

A

Iconic memory (sense of sight)
Echoic memory (sense of sound)
Hepatic memory (Sense of touch)

38
Q

What is the Capacity and duration of Working memory (short-term)

A

7 + or - 2
20 seconds

39
Q

What is the Capacity and duration of Long-term memory

A

Unlimited capacity
Could be forever

40
Q

What is a Ebbinghous Curve

A

You forget most of what you learn, but what sticks stays with you for a LONG time

41
Q

Current research into memories links them with the strengthening of _________ between neurons. Particularly the release of __________. This is called ________ ________ _______

A

Synapses
Serotonin
Long-term potentiation (LTP)

42
Q

What do stress hormones have to do with memory

A

A little stress is good for storing memories, but to much stress isn’t

43
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia

A

When you remember everything before a certain event, but cannot form new memories after

44
Q

What is explicit (declarative) memory (ex: who is the first president)
Where in the brain is it located Can you form new memories with anterograde amnesia

A

Memories that you can state + prove you know
Hippocampus + Frontal Lobe
You can’t form new memories

45
Q

What is Implicit (nondeclaritive) memory (ex: snowboarding)
Where in the brain is it located Can you form new memories with anterograde amnesia

A

Memories that you must do an action to prove
Cerebellum + Basal Ganglia
You can form new memories

46
Q

_________ refers to getting information out of the memory store

47
Q

What is recognition (ex: MCQ)

A

When you identify an item amongst other choices

48
Q

What is recall (ex: fill in the blank test)

A

Directly retrieving info from your brain

49
Q

What is true about relearning

A

You learn something faster the second time

50
Q

_________ _______ are a web of associations that help you recall things from your memory

A

Retrieval Cues

51
Q

__________ refers to the process of activating strands from your memory to help you remember a particular piece of info (think manipulation)

52
Q

The state that someone was in (sleepy for example) is the best place to retrieve that memory. This is known as ______ ______ _______

A

State dependent memory

53
Q

The place you learned a memory (in a classroom for example) is the best place to retrieve that memory. This is known as ______ ______ _____

A

Context dependent memory

54
Q

What is Deja Vu and what do psychologist think about it

A

Deja Vu is the feeling that you’ve “experienced this before”
Psychologists think that it’s your brain tricking you by recalling a similar experience you may have

55
Q

_______ _______ ______ is a term that states that the memories you retrieve most often matches the current mood that you are in (ex: if you’re happy you will remember happy things)

A

Mood congruent memory

56
Q

An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or Retrieval is known as _____________

A

Forgetting

57
Q

What is an Encoding failure
(ex: head side of penny)

A

When the memory doesn’t even get into your brain

58
Q

What is storage decay
(ex: being able to speak a language in the past)

A

The memory is in your brain but it’s lost overtime

59
Q

What is Retrieval failure
(Tip of the tongue phenomenon)

A

The memory is in your brain but you don’t know how to get to it

60
Q

What is PROactive interference
(ex: getting a new password)

A

When something old makes you forget something new

61
Q

What is RETROactive Interference

A

When something new make you forget something old

62
Q

What is motivated forgetting

A

When you try to block out unwanted memories

63
Q

What is Repression
(type of motivated forgetting)

A

Freud’s defense mechanism that unconsciously blocked out unwanted memories

64
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to remember info from your past

65
Q

______________ happens when a stored memory, when retrieved, gets altered before you store it again. This can lead to all kinds of memory problems

A

Reconsolidation

66
Q

While forming memories we tend to fill in missing pieces of info. This can lead to the ___________ __________ when you incorporate misleading info into your memory of an event

A

Misinformation Effect

67
Q

What was the Misinformation Effect Study

A

people watched a video of 2 cars hitting each other

group a was told did the glass break when they HIT each other

group b was told did the glass break when they SMASHED each other (group be had a higher % say yes)

68
Q

_______ _______ -refers to attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced (ex: believing you wrote a song but you heard it from another person)

A

Source Amnesia

69
Q

The _____ _____ ______ is our tendency to think something has happened to you when it’s only been imagined

A

Imagination Inflation Effect

70
Q

When we add our own beliefs and attitudes on top of an existing memory this is called _______ ________

A

Constructive Memory

71
Q

What is true about false memories/Eyewitness Testimony

A

We know that memories can be forgotten, but we also know people can create false memories. So eyewitness testimony’s should be treated with skepticism