Unit 8 test Flashcards
ways to increase variation in a population
selective breeding (hybridization), introdue mutations, polyploidy in plants, transgenic modification
what is hybridization
crossing 2 organisms with different traits
what is mutation
change in DNA
what is polyploidy
prevent chromosome separation in meiosis
what is transgenic modification
combining DNA from multiple organisms or species
ways to decrease variation in population
cloning and inbreeding
what is cloning
creating an identical copy of an individual
what is inbreeding
choosing similar individual to mate and pass on genes
what happens when nucleus is injected into nucleus of animal egg cell
in cooperated into cell and pass on to sub sequent cells
what is plasmid
small circular DNA molecules that replicate from larger bacterial chromosomes
why is plasmid used in DNA transfer
used for “gene swapping” amongst bacteria, and vectors to transfer DNA
what are restriction enzymes
ability to cut DNA at a specific sequence
how do plasmids and restriction enzymes make transgenic organisms
allowing foreign genes into host organism’s DNA
what is DNA ligase
enzyme that joins 2 pieces of DNA together
how is DNA ligase used
joins isolated gene + plasmid DNA
what is transformation
process of placing recombinant DNA into living cell
what are sticky ends
staggered (as opposed to a blunt cut) cuts in DNA exposing unbonded nitrogen bases
what is vector
delivers DNA into the cell
what is cDNA
enzyme needed for reverse transcriptase
what is reverse transcriptase
enzyme used to make cDNA from MRNA within cells to see expression of genes.
how is reverse transcriptase used
for applications like creating cDNA libraries from mRNA
where is reverse transcriptase found
in retroviruses (ex. HIV)
what is a genomic library
entire collection of cloned DNA fragments from a genome
differences between genomic library and cDNA
genomic is larger, genomic has introns and exons, genomic includes all genes
cDNA is smaller, only has exons, only includes expressed genes
similarities between genomic library and cDNA
DNA
exons
what is nucleic acid probe
small synthesized strand of DNA labeled with fluorescent dye or radioactive isotope
how to use nucleic acid probe
by binding to complementary sequences within a sample, allowing scientists to identify and locate specific genes or sequences
what is a microarray
determine which genes are expressed
what enzymes are used in microarray
reverse transcriptase and fluorescent labeling
how to interpret reverse transcriptase and fluorescent labeling
Reverse transcriptase converts mRNA to cDNA, while fluorescent labeling enzymes attach fluorescent tags to the cDNA for detection on the microarray.
what is CRISPR
gene editing tool that adapted from a bacterial defense system that can cut DNA
what enzymes are used in CRISPR
CAS nucleus and gRNA
where to find enzymes used in CRISPR
can be purchased from suppliers
what are the cloning steps
1) get body cell for organism
2) get mature reproductive cells and remove nucleus
3) insert body cell nucleus into egg
4) apply chemicals to simulate cell division
5) allow cell to divide
6) implant cell/embryo into seregate
7) clone is born
what is agrobacterium
plant pathogenic bacterium which causes tumor
what is running buffer
allows electrical current to pass
what is loading buffer
keeps DNA visible and has 2 functions:
1) Increases density
2) Provides marker/dye
what is chamber
holding area for gel/buffer
what is PCR
polymerase chain reaction
what happens at 95 degrees
DNA stands come apart (called denaturation)
what happens at 50 degrees
complementary DNA rejoins
what happens at 72 degrees
primers extend DNA
