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Bio202 > Unit 8: Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Unit 8: Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What do primary sex organs produce? Name both.

A

Produce gametes
Ovaries and Testes

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2
Q

What are the purpose of secondary sex organs?

A

Essential for reproduction

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3
Q

What are the male secondary sex organs? What are their altogether purpose?

A

Duct, glands, and penis
Deliver sperm cells

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4
Q

What are the female secondary sex organs? What are their altogether purpose?

A

Uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
Receive sperm and nourish a growing fetus

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5
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

Produce sperm
Produce sex hormones
Deliver sperm

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6
Q

Where is sperm produced in the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Seminiferous tubules drain into the tubular network called the ________

A

rete testis

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8
Q

What are the 2 main cells in testes?

A

Sertoli (“nurse”) cells
Spermatogenic cells

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9
Q

What is the role of Sertoli cells?

A

Nourish and protect spermatogenic cells

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10
Q

What is the role of Spermatogenic cells?

A

Divide to create new sperm cells

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the scrotum?

A

Thermoregulation

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12
Q

Which 3 tissues in the scrotum control thermoregulation of the testes?

A

Cremaster muscle
Dartos muscle
Venous plexus

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13
Q

Define scrotum

A

Pouch that holds testes

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14
Q

Define spermatic cord. Where does run through?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, and ductus deferens which run through the inguinal canal

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15
Q

How does the cremaster muscle promote thermoregulation?

A

They are segments of the internal oblique muscle which can contract to pull the testes closer to the body when cold

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16
Q

How does the dartos muscle promote thermoregulation?

A

Smooth muscles that can wrinkle the skin around the scrotum to decrease surface area to preserve heat

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17
Q

How does the venous plexus promote thermoregulation?

A

The countercurrent heat exchange keeps the testes at a consistent temperature

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18
Q

Describe how the countercurrent heat exchange works in the venous plexus

A

Arterial blood cools as it descends into testis and warms back up in vein when returning to body
Artery and vein run next to eachother so constantly exchange heat to regulate

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19
Q

Name the 4 spermatic ducts

A

Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct

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20
Q

The spermatic ducts are _________ sex organs

A

secondary

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21
Q

Describe the efferent ductules in the testis

A

A passageway from the rete testis to the epididymis

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22
Q

Describe the epididymis

A

Site of sperm maturation and storage

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23
Q

Describe the ductus deferens

A

Passageway from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

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24
Q

Describe the ejaculatory duct

A

Leads to prostatic urethra

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25
Q

Describe the pathway of sperm from beginning to ejaculation

A

Seminiferous tubules - rete testis - efferent ductules - epididymis - ductus deferens - ejaculatory duct

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26
Q

Name the 3 accessory glands which contribute to seminal fluid

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

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27
Q

What are the 3 contributions to seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles? What is the purpose of each?

A

Fructose (ENERGY for sperm)

Fibrinogen (sticky semen)

Prostaglandins (stimulate female peristalsis)

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28
Q

What are the 2 contributions to seminal fluid from the prostate gland? What is the purpose of each?

A

Fibrinolysin (liquefy sticky fibrinogen after 30 min so it can MOVE up canal)

Spermine (base which stabilizes seminal pH @ 7.2-7.6)

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29
Q

What is the 1 contribution to seminal fluid from the bulbourethral gland? What is its purpose?

A

Alkaline pre-ejaculatory fluid (CLEANS out urethra and lubricates)

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30
Q

The penis is a ________ sex organ

A

secondary

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31
Q

What are 3 parts of the penis? What are the 3 tissues?

A

Internal root, visible shaft, and glans

1 corpus spongiosum
2 corpora cavernosa

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32
Q

Describe the corpus spongiosum

A

Tissue on bottom side of the penis which extends to the glans and surrounds the urethra

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33
Q

Describe the corpora cavernosa

A

2 bilaterial cylindrical tissues on top side of penis which have lacunae that fill with blood to erect the penis

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34
Q

What stimulates the beginning of male puberty? What happens in male puberty?

A

Increase in pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH

Sperm production and testosterone release

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35
Q

What are the effects of increased testosterone levels in puberty?

A

Facial, pubic, and chest hair
Deep voice
Broader shoulders and muscle mass

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36
Q

What does FSH promote in male puberty?

A

Sperm production

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37
Q

What does LH promote in male puberty?

A

Testosterone production

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38
Q

What are the 5 functions of the female reproductive system?

A

Produce and deliver ova
Produce sex hormones
Provide nourishment and room for fetus
Birth
Nourish infant

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39
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Eggs (ovum) and female hormones

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40
Q

Where do the eggs develop?

A

Within a fluid-filled follicle in the ovary

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41
Q

What are the 2 ligaments related to the ovaries?

A

Ovarian ligament (ovary-uterus)
Suspensory ligament (ovary-pelvic wall)

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42
Q

What are the internal genitalia of females?

A

Duct system (uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina)

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43
Q

What are the external genitalia of females?

A

Clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, and accessory glands (for lubrication)

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44
Q

The fallopian/uterine tubes are a _______ sex organ

A

secondary

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45
Q

Describe the fallopian/uterine tubes

A

Muscular tubes lined with ciliated cells
Fimbriae “catch” the released egg and move to tube

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46
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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47
Q

Describe the perimetrium

A

Outer serous layer of uterus

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48
Q

Describe the myometrium

A

Middle smooth muscle layer of uterus

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49
Q

Describe the endometrium

A

Inner tissue of uterus with 2 layers
Stratum functionalis = superficial layer
Stratum basalis = deep layer

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50
Q

What does the stratum functionalis do?

A

Sheds with each period if not pregnant

If pregnant, nourishes fetus until placenta organ grows

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51
Q

What does the stratum basalis do?

A

Regenerates new stratum functionalis each cycle

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52
Q

Describe the vagina and its function

A

Distensible/Stretchy muscular tube

Discharges menstrual fluid, births baby, receives semen

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53
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of the vagina?

A

Outer serosa, middle muscularis, and inner mucosa

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54
Q

What does bacteria do in the vagina? What is the effect on pH?

A

Ferments glycogen in epithelial cells which makes pH acidic

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55
Q

Define transudation

A

The process by which erectile tissue around the vagina wall squeezes fluid out to lubricate when aroused

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56
Q

What are the 4 parts of the vulva?

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Vestibule

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57
Q

Define mons pubis

A

Mound of fat over the pubic symphysis

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58
Q

Describe the labia majora and labia minora. What do they form?

A

Thicker folds of skin with pubic hair

Thinner, middle folds of skin without hair

Form vestibule containing the urethra and vaginal opening, as well as the prepuce over the clitoris

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59
Q

Define vestibular bulbs

A

Erectile tissue around vagina which narrows vagina around the penis

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60
Q

Define greater and lesser vestibular glands

A

Glands which open in vestibule to provide lubrication

61
Q

Breasts are secondary _______ __________

A

sex characteristics

62
Q

Describe breasts

A

Adipose tissue with areola surrounding nipple
Is a modified sweat gland with mostly ducts and fat unless pregnant (which increases glandular tissue)

63
Q

What triggers puberty in women?

A

Increase in GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) which triggers anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins FSH and LH

64
Q

Define menarche

A

First menstrual period

65
Q

Which hormone causes development of sex characteristics?

A

Estrogen

66
Q

Sexual reproduction involves ______ from both parents

A

genetic material

67
Q

Zygote is formed by

A

male and female gametes
(sperm + egg)

68
Q

Cells contain ______ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

69
Q

Male sex chromosome pair =

A

XY

70
Q

Female sex chromosome pair =

A

XX

71
Q

Define SRY gene

A

Sex-determining Region of Y gene

72
Q

What does the SRY gene do

A

In males, it codes for TDF (testis determining factor) protein which causes the development of testes in utero

73
Q

What happens if the TDF protein is present?

A

Increased sensitivity to testosterone
Leydig/interstitial cells secrete testosterone
Sertoli cells secrete MIF (mullerian-inhibiting factor)
Mesonephric ducts devolop and paramesonephric ducts degrade
= MALE!

74
Q

What is MIF?

A

Mullerian-inhibiting factor
Causes the paramesonephric ducts to degenerate so that female sex organs do not grow

75
Q

No Y chromosome means no ____ gene which means

A

No SRY gene = no male hormones = FEMALE!

76
Q

When do gonads develop in utero? How long are they identical? How are they identical?

A

6 weeks after fertilization = gonadal ridges
Identical from week 8-10
Have both mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts

77
Q

The presence of testosterone and MIF =

A

mesonephric ducts develop
paramesonephric ducts degenerate

78
Q

The absence of testosterone and MIF =

A

paramesonephric ducts develop
mesonephric ducts degenerate

79
Q

By the end of week 12, the 3 structures become distinctly M/F

A

Penis OR clitoris
Penile skin OR labia minora
Scrotal skin OR labia majora

80
Q

Why do testes descend from the pelvis

A

Because sperm need lower temperatures to develop and mature

81
Q

What connects the testis to the abdominopelvic floor?

A

Gubernaculum (cord)

82
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meisosis?
Purpose?
Product?
Divisions?

A

Mitosis: growth, repair, replace old cells
1 cell division to produce 2 identical diploid cells (has 46 chromosomes each)

Meiosis: sexual reproduction
2 cell divisions to produce 4 haploid gametes (23 chromosomes, will join with other parent gamete)

83
Q

What mechanisms take place during meiosis to provide genetic diversity?

A

Crossing over, recombination, and random assortment

84
Q

Describe the first cell division in meiosis

A

Meiosis I
One homologous chromosome separates into 2 haploid cells

85
Q

Describe the second cell division in meiosis

A

Meiosis II
The 2 haploid cells duplicate sister chromatids and then separate into 4 haploid cells

86
Q

What are germ cells in germinal epithelium?

A

Stem cells that produce gametes

87
Q

How do Sertoli cells promote sperm cell development?

A

Blood-Testis barrier is formed between tight junctions between sertoli cells
This keeps immune cells in the blood stream from attacking new sperm cells

88
Q

Spermatagonia produces 2 types of daughter cells. Describe them

A

Type A
Cells outside blood-testis barrier which produce more cells until death

Type B
Cells which become spermatocytes that travel across blood-testis barrier to the lumen of seminiferous tubules

89
Q

Describe meoisis of sperm cells

A

Primary spermatocyte splits into 2 secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes duplicate chromatids and then split into 4 spermatids

90
Q

Spermiogenesis turns ____ into _____. How?

A

Spermatid to Spermatozoa
Discards extra cytoplasm and grows tail

91
Q

What are the parts of a spermatozoa

A

Head, midpiece, and tail

92
Q

What is in the head of a spermatozoa

A

Nucleus with the haploid chromosomes
Acrosome with enzymes that penetrate the egg

93
Q

What is in the midpiece of a spermatozoa

A

Mitochondria which produce ATP for the flagellar movement of the tail

94
Q

Oogenesis happens

A

once a month

95
Q

Spermatogenesis happens

A

Constantly

96
Q

The female germ cells in an embryo differentiate into

A

oogonia

97
Q

What occurs IN UTERO for the oogonia

A

Starts meiosis I to become primary oocyte

98
Q

What happens to the primary oocytes when puberty begins?

A

FSH stimulates a primary oocyte MONTHLY to finish Meiosis I, creating a secondary oocyte and the 1st polar body

99
Q

What is the difference between a secondary oocyte and polar body?

A

Secondary oocyte takes most of the cellular material from primary oocyte, leaves polar body with only DNA

100
Q

The secondary oocyte starts meiosis II and then

A

Ovulates

101
Q

The only way for the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II is ______. What is the product?

A

Fertilization
Zygote and 2nd polar body

102
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of what 4 hormones in men?

A

FSH
LH
Testosterone
Inhibin

103
Q

In men, FSH triggers

A

Sertoli cells release ABP (androgen binding protein) which stimulates sperm production

104
Q

In men, LH triggers

A

Interstitial cells produce testosterone

105
Q

In men, testosterone triggers

A

Increased sperm production

106
Q

If sperm count is too high, ________ inhibits _______

A

Inhibin inhibits FSH

107
Q

All 4 hormones triggered by GnRH are controlled by

A

Negative feedback

108
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of what 4 hormones in women?

A

FSH
LH
Estrogen
Progesterone

109
Q

In women, FSH triggers

A

Ovarian follicular cells to develop an ovum as well as produce estrogen

110
Q

In women, LH triggers

A

Ovulation (follicle bursts and becomes corpus luteum)
Corpus luteum produces progesterone

111
Q

What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in hormone regulation?

A

Regulates secretions from hypothalamus and pituitary gland, also preps uterus for implantation

112
Q

What are the phases of the Ovarian Cycle?

A

Follicular phase
Ovulation
Postovulatory phase

113
Q

What are the phases of the Follicular phase in the ovarian cycle?

A

Menstrual (discharge menstrual fluid)
Preovulatory (1 follicle matures and “balloons” towards ovary surface and releases estrogen)

114
Q

What triggers follicular development and maturation?

A

FSH

115
Q

Define zona pellucida

A

“Zone of cells” surrounding egg for support

116
Q

What fills the expanding mature follicle?

A

Estrogen rich fluid

117
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

LH spike due to increase in estrogen

118
Q

What weakens the ovary’s wall so that the egg can exit?

A

Collagenese

119
Q

What sweeps up the egg into the fallopian tubes

A

Fimbriae

120
Q

What 2 phases occur during the postovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Luteal (Corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone)
Premenstrual (no fertilization = corpus luteum degrades = no progesterone = menstruation)

121
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A

Menstruation
Proliferative phase
Secretory phases

122
Q

Describe the menstruation phase of the uterine cycle

A

Drop in progesterone causes arterial constriction which kills endometrial cells
Blood, serous fluid, and endometrial tissue are discharged

123
Q

Describe the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

Increase in estrogen from follicles causes increased mitosis in stratum basale of endometrium = thickened

124
Q

Describe the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

Progesterone stimulates secretory glands to fill endometrial tissue with fluid = thickened

125
Q

What causes an erection?

A

Parasympathetic system triggers nitric oxide and acetylcholine secretion which causes arteries to dilate and fill with blood

126
Q

What occurs during female sexual excitement

A

Inner vagina dilates
Labia minora is vasocongested
Vaginal transudate moistens vagina

127
Q

What occurs during female sexual plateau

A

Uterus is vertical
Cervix withdraws
Orgasmic platform (lower vagina) constricts penis
Clitoris engorges and withdrawn under prepuce

128
Q

What occurs during female orgasm

A

Orgasmic platform (lower vagina) contracts rhythmically
Peristaltic contractions in uterus

129
Q

What are the 2 penis arteries? What are their purposes?

A

Dorsal - regular blood supply

Deep - supplies lacunae of corpora cavernosa with blood to erect penis

130
Q

What types of nerves are in the penis

A

Tactile, pressure, and temperature

131
Q

What are the 2 phases of ejaculation?

A

Emission - sympathetic nervous system propels sperm through ducts w/ added secretions

Expulsion - semen in urethra activates muscular contractions to release sperm

132
Q

Describe the composition of semen:
60% ______
30% ______
10% ______
along with …

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid
30% prostatic fluid
10% sperm
AND
fructose, fibrinogen, prostaglandins, fibrinolysin, and spermine

133
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

anywhere from 10 minutes to hours after orgasm where another erection is impossible

134
Q

Describe fertilization

A

Acrosome of sperm digests zona pellucida of egg
Sperm proteins bind to egg receptors and eject nucleus
Egg completes meiosis II
Fertilization complete when chromosomes of both sex cells combine in nucleus of egg

135
Q

An implanted zygote in the uterus produces what hormone?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

136
Q

What does HCG do for pregnancy?

A

Increases progesterone to maintain endometrium and prevents menstruation

137
Q

Describe the hormone levels and sources in the 3 trimesters of pregnancy

A

1st trimester: corpus luteum releasing estrogen and progesterone while placenta develops

2nd trimester: placenta becomes main source of estrogen and progesterone as it grows and corpus luteum degrades

3rd trimester: All hormones come from placenta

138
Q

After birth, what 2 hormones are released in response to suckling?

A

Prolactin - milk production

Oxytocin - milk ejection and emotional bonding

139
Q

Describe prostate cancer:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Cancer in prostate

Problems with urination, such as dribbling and issues starting/stopping

men over 65, African American men, family history

140
Q

Describe Cervical cancer:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Cancer of cervix due to HPV

Pain during sex, pelvic pain, unusual bleeding and discharge

HPV infected women, multiple sex partners, smokers, long term use of oral contraceptives

141
Q

Describe Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Hypersecretion of male hormones causes fluid filled sacs to develop on ovaries

Facial hair growth, infertility, irregular periods, pelvic pain, thinning hair

1 in 10 women, obese, family history

142
Q

Describe Endometriosis:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Endometrium grows outside uterus and sheds with each cycle, causing build up in abdominopelvic cavity

Pelvic pain, heavy periods, infertility

Women who never give birth, pelvic infections, family history

143
Q

Describe Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Infection in female reproductive tract which inflames the fallopian tubes (usually from chlamydia or gonorrhea)

Abdominal pain, fever, irregular discharge, infertility from scar tissue, increased risk of ectopic pregnancies

Under 25 with STD/STI, women with IUD, multiple sex partners

144
Q

Describe Erectile Dysfunction:
Risk Group?

A

Inconsisent or complete inability to maintain erection

Older men, obesity, smokers, diabetes, certain medications (such as antidepressants), and drug/alcohol abuse

145
Q

Describe Gonorrhea:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Treatment?

A

Common bacterial infection

Women often asymptomatic, burning urination, increased vaginal discharge, anal itching, soreness and bleeding, increased risk of PID in women
(Same symptoms as Chlamydia)

Treat with antibiotics

146
Q

Describe Chlamydia:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Treatment?

A

MOST COMMON bacterial infection

Frequently asymptomatic, burning urination, increased vaginal discharge, anal itching, soreness and bleeding, increased risk of PID in women
(Same symptoms as Gonorrhea)

Treat with antibiotics

147
Q

Describe Syphilis:
Cause?
Symptoms/Phases?
Treatment?

A

Bacterial infection which can be fatal if untreated

Primary stage: painless sores at infection site
Secondary stage: rash, swollen lymph nodes, fever
Latent stage: no symptoms
Tertiary stage: systemic infections that affect other major organs, fatal

Treat with antibiotics (penicillin)

148
Q

Describe Human Papilloma Virus (HPV):
Cause?
Symptoms?
Treatment?

A

High risk strain of virus increases risk of cancer
Low risk strain of virus = gential warts

MOST COMMON VIRAL STI

Prevent with vaccines and yearly screenings

149
Q

Describe Genital Herpes:
Cause?
Symptoms?
Treatment?

A

Viral STI

HSV I = cold sores
HSV II = genital herpes

Painful, itchy blisters, occur several times per year, sometimes asymptomatic but still highly infectious

Bio202 (9 decks)

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