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Bio202 > Unit 4: Lymphatic & Immune System > Flashcards

Unit 4: Lymphatic & Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Lipid absorption
Fluid recovery
Immunity

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2
Q

Describe lipid absorption by the lymphatic system

A

Lacteals in the small intestine absorb dietary lipids

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3
Q

Describe fluid recovery by the lymphatic system

A

Plasma proteins and interstitial fluids leak out of blood vessels into tissues, which is absorbed by lymph vessels and returned to the bloodstream

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4
Q

What happens if the lymphatic system’s fluid recovery is dysfunctional?

A

Edema

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5
Q

Describe immunity by the lymphatic system

A

Immune cells in the lymph organs can respond to foreign cells/chemicals while the fluid is being filtered

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6
Q

Describe lymph

A

Colorless, clear fluid that is similar to plasma but with less proteins

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7
Q

When interstitial fluid pressure builds up, what opens to let cells and bacteria into the lymph capillaries

A

Valve-like flaps

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8
Q

Describe the flow of lymph

A

lymphatic capillaries
collecting vessels (flow thru lymph nodes)
lymphatic trunks
collecting ducts (empty into subclavian arteries)

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9
Q

Where is the site of antigen challenges?

A

Lymph nodes

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10
Q

Where are surface lymph nodes located?

A

Axillary, inguinal, cervical regions

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11
Q

Where are deep lymph nodes located?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions

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12
Q

What are the 4 lymphatic organs

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen

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13
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph

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14
Q

There are ____ efferent vessels in lymph nodes than ______ which causes _______

A

fewer efferent than afferent

slows down flow through the node

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15
Q

Why is flow slowed in the lymph node?

A

So that reticular cells and macrophages can phagocytize foreign matter
Lymphocytes respond to antigens

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphatic cells (WBCs)

A

T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte
Antigen Presenting Cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and reticular cells)

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17
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature

A

Thymus

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic (killer) T cell
Helper T cell
Regulatory T cell
Memory T cell

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19
Q

What happens when a B lymphocyte is activated?

A

Proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells (which produce antibodies)

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20
Q

What are the types of Antigen Presenting Cells

A

Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Reticular Cells

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21
Q

What do Antigen Presenting Cells do?

A

Phagocytize antigens and then advertise them on surface

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22
Q

Where are dendritic cells located?

A

Epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymph organs

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23
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

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24
Q

Define non-specific defense

A

Broadly effective defenses which require no prior exposure to pathogens
Include external barriers
INNATE immunity (phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, fever, etc.)

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25
Define specific defense
Targeted defense against specific pathogen resulting from prior exposure ACQUIRED immunity (B & T Cells)
26
What are 4 external barriers for non-specific defense?
Skin Mucous membranes Digestive system Genitourinary system
27
How is the skin an external barrier?
Tough keratin Dry, nutrient poor environment Defensin proteins which attack microbes (from neutrophils) Lactic acid mantle
28
How are mucous membranes an external barrier?
Sticky mucus Lysozymes in tears and saliva which kill pathogens
29
How is the digestive system an external barrier?
Stomach acidity and lysozymes in saliva
30
How is the genitourinary system an external barrier?
Vaginal acidity Flushing with urine
31
What are the 5 types of cells involved in innate immunity?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes
32
Describe neutrophils and their function
Phagocytizes bacteria Creates "killing zone" with defensins and respiratory bursts
33
Define defensins
Antimicrobial proteins
34
Describe respiratory burst
Toxic chemical released to attack a pathogen
35
Describe eosinophils and their function
Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens Antiparasitic by aggregating and releasing enzymes
36
Describe basophils and their function
Aid movement of WBCs and increase inflammation with heparin and histamine
37
Describe lymphocytes and their function
Usually specific, but can be nonspecific Called natural killer cells NK cells lyse infected host cells by releasing perforin proteins
38
Define complement system and the 2 types
Plasma proteins in the blood which are activated by pathogen Opsonization and Cytolysis
39
Describe opsonization
Complement protein which binds to antigens to promote phagocytosis
40
Describe cytolysis
Membrane attack complex which punches holes in membrane
41
Describe inflammation and how it is innate immunity
Defense response to tissue injury which limits spread of pathogens and destroys them Then removes debris and initiates tissue repair
42
Acquired immunity is _____ and has a _____
specific with a memory
43
What are the 2 types of specific defense?
Cellular immunity Humoral immunity
44
Describe cellular immunity
Cell mediated by T Cells
45
Describe humoral immunity
Antibody mediated by B Cells
46
What are the 4 types of acquired immunity?
Natural active Artificial active Natural passive Artificial passive
47
How do you get natural active immunity?
Natural exposure to an antigen causes you to produce your own antibodies or T Cells (which have memory)
48
How do you get artificial active immunity?
Vaccination which causes you to produce your own antibodies or T Cells (which have memory)
49
How do you get natural passive immunity?
Gain non-self antibodies thru natural methods (thru placenta and breast milk) Don't produce memory cells so immunity is temporary
50
How do you get artificial passive immunity?
Gain non-self antibodies thru artificial methods like treatments for snakebite, rabies, tetanus, etc. Don't produce memory cells so immunity is temporary
51
Describe clonal selection
Only the T or B lymphocytes that are activated by the antigen exposure will proliferate, which THEN differentiate and specialize against antigen
52
Acquired cellular immunity involves
T Cells
53
What do cytotoxic T cells do
Carry out the attack
54
What do helper T cells do
Help promote T and B cell actions and also nonspecific defense mechanisms
55
What do regulatory T cells do
Control cell-mediated attacks
56
What do memory T cells do
Provide immunity from future exposure to a specific antigen
57
Acquired humoral immunity involves
B cells
58
After T helper cell stimulation, B cells ...
proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
59
Describe how antibodies initiate destruction of an antigen
Antibody binds to antigen, disables it ("net"), and tags it for destruction by a phagocyte
60
Describe neutralization in the humoral attack phase
Antibodies block pathogenic region of an antigen like a net
61
Describe complement fixation in the humoral attack phase
When an antigen binds to an antibody it initiates complement protein binding
62
Describe agglutination in the humoral attack phase
Binds to multiple enemy cells and causes clumping which immobilizes them
63
Describe opsonization in the humoral attack phase
When an antigen binds to an antibody it promotes phagocytosis
64
Describe Lymphatic Filariasis Cause? Symptoms? Risk group?
Tropical parasitic disease that affects the lymph nodes and vessels Causes swelling and thickening of body parts, especially legs Spread by mosquitos in tropical zones, long term exposure leads to condition
65
Describe AIDS Cause? Symptoms? Risk group? Treatment?
HIV virus attacks T Cells which makes you vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancer Asymptomatic or flu-like in beginning Long term effects vary depending on which infections/ cancers are acquired, can lead to memory loss Classified as chronic illness, antiretroviral drugs given to help immune system
66
Describe Hodgkins Lymphoma Cause? Symptoms? Risk group? Treatment?
Cancer of lymphocytes, usually starting in B Cells Indicated by abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells Swelling lymph nodes, fever, lethargy, and weight loss Highly curable cancer, treated with chemo, radiation, and bone marrow transplant
67
Describe Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Cause? Symptoms? Risk group? Treatment?
Cancer of B Cells (only sometimes T cells) Elderly, caucasian, insecticides and drugs, exposure to radiation, suppressed immune system, some viral infections Swollen lymph nodes, fever, abdominal pain Chemo, radiation, and stem cell transplant

Bio202 (9 decks)

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