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Bio202 > Unit 1: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 1: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define gap junction

A

“Channel” in cell membrane which directly connects cells together, linking them electrically and metabolically

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2
Q

Define Paracrine Hormones

A

AKA Local Hormones
Communicate to nearby cells across synapse, only travelling a short distance

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3
Q

Define Endocrine Hormones

A

“Long distance” communication
Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream to affect target cells

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4
Q

What is the difference between the Nervous System and Endocrine System?

A

Endocrine system has widespread, general effect on many organs
Nervous system has targeted and specific effects on 1 organ or tissue

Endocrine system’s effects are slow and long-lasting
Nervous system’s effects are rapid and stop quickly

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5
Q

What are the similarities between the Nervous System and Endocrine System?

A

Some chemicals can be hormones AND neurotransmitters

Some hormones are secreted by “neuroendocrine “ cells (bit of both)

The 2 systems can have overlapping results on the same organs

The 2 system can regulate each other

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6
Q

How do the Nervous and Endocrine systems regulate eachother?

A

Neurons can trigger hormone secretion
Hormones can inhibit or stimulate neurons

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7
Q

Give an example of overlapping effects of the Nervous and Endocrine system

A

In “fight or flight,” endocrine and nervous system can release the same chemicals in response to a stimuli, like glycogen to up the glucose level in the blood to prepare for energy exertion

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted by neuroendocrine cells

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone

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9
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Tells body to decrease urine production

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of the Endocrine System?

A

Endocrine glands
Hormones
Target cells

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11
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Produce hormones

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12
Q

Define hormone

A

Chemical messenger secreted into the blood to stimulate a response

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13
Q

Define target cell

A

A cell with hormone receptors which respond

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of hormone release?

A

Neurally
Humorally
Hormonally

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15
Q

What does Neurally mean in relation to hormone release?

A

The secretion or inhibition of hormones is influenced by emotion or stress

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16
Q

What does Humorally mean in relation to hormone release?

A

The secretion or inhibition of hormones is dependent on the concentration of other NON-hormonal substances in the blood

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17
Q

What does Hormonally mean in relation to hormone release?

A

Hormones are regulated by other hormones

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18
Q

What are Tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that regulate other hormones

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19
Q

What does the Hypothalamus regulate?

A

Primitive Functions like water balance, sex drive, etc.

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20
Q

The __________ carries out function for the Hypothalamus

A

Pituitary Gland

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21
Q

Where is the Pituitary Gland located?

A

Suspended off the Hypothalamus

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22
Q

What connects the Pituitary Gland to the Hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

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23
Q

Describe the lobes of the Pituitary Gland

A

Posterior:
Not actually a gland, but an extension of the hypothalamus

Anterior:
True endocrine gland

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24
Q

What is the Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal Tract?

A

Axons extending from the Hypothalamus to the posterior Endocrine “gland”

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25
Q

Which hormones does the posterior Pituitary Gland store and release?

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone

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26
Q

What does Oxytocin do?

A

Hormone responsible for deep emotional bonding, labor contractions, and lactation

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27
Q

What is the Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal Portal System?

A

Capillaries which carry hormones from the Hypothalamus to the anterior Pituitary Gland

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28
Q

How many capillary beds does the Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal Portal System have?

A

2 capillary beds

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29
Q

What do Hypothalamic hormones do?

A

Release/inhibit other hormones

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30
Q

Portal System hormones, -RH means ______ and -IH means ——

A

Release hormone
Inhibit hormone

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31
Q

Name 6 anterior Pituitary Gland hormones

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
GH (growth hormone)
PRL (prolactin)

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32
Q

What are the 2 gonadotropins?

A

LH and FSH

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33
Q

What does FSH do in females and males?

A

Female - stimulates development of eggs and follicles in the ovaries
Male - stimulates production of sperm in testes

34
Q

What does LH do in female and males?

A

Female - stimulates ovulation and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Male - stimulates interstitial cells in testes to secrete testosterone

35
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulates growth of the thyroid gland
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

36
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Regulates response to stress by stimulating Adrenal Gland cortex with corticosteroids that regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

37
Q

What does GH do?

A

Promotes tissue growth

38
Q

What does PRL do?

A

Milk production in females
Increased sensitivity to LH in males causing testosterone to increase

39
Q

Most anterior Pituitary Hormones are _____

A

tropic

40
Q

Define hydrophobic hormones and describe how they work? Travel?

A

Hormones derived from cholesterol which are lipid soluble (water INsoluble)

Move directly through phospholipid bi-layer and act via INTRAcellular receptors (usually acting on gene transcription within the cell)

Must bind to a blood plasma transport protein to be transported across body (bound) OR can travel very short distance unbound

41
Q

Define hydrophilic hormones and describe how they work? Travel?

A

Hormones derived from polypeptides and proteins which are water soluble (lipid INsoluble)

Cannot move directly through phospholipid bi-layer, so attaches to membrane-bound receptors and modifies existing metabolic protein to trigger events inside the cell to occur

41
Q

Define hydrophilic hormones and describe how they work? Travel?

A

Hormones derived from polypeptides and proteins which are water soluble (lipid INsoluble)

Cannot move directly through phospholipid bi-layer, so attaches to membrane-bound receptors and modifies existing metabolic protein to trigger events inside the cell to occur

Since it is water soluble, these hormones dissolve easily with blood plasma for transport

42
Q

Define intracellular receptor

A

Hormone receptors inside cell which turn cell activity on/off

43
Q

Define membrane-bound receptor

A

Hormone receptors outside the cell ON the plasma membrane of target cells which turn cell activity on/off

44
Q

Where is the Thyroid Gland?

A

Located in the neck, below the larynx

45
Q

What hormones do the Thyroid Gland produce and how is their secretion controlled?

A

T3 and T4
Hormonally

Also calcitonin
Humorally

46
Q

What are T3 and T4 hormones for? What does it target?

A

Metabolism, growth, and development
Widespread

47
Q

What is Calcitonin hormone for? What does it target?

A

Decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium into bones (target)

48
Q

Where are the Parathyroid Glands?

A

Located on the Thyroid Gland (but separate)

49
Q

What hormone(s) do the Parathyroid Glands produce?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

50
Q

What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do and what does it target?

A

Increases blood calcium levels
Targets bones (inc. osteoclast activity), kidneys (dec. calcium in urine), and intestines (inc. calcium absorption)

51
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands?

A

Above each kidney

52
Q

Define HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamo - Pituitary - Adrenal Axis
Complex set of interactions between the 3

53
Q

Where are the 2 parts of the Adrenal Glands?

A

Adrenal cortex (outside, glandular)
Adrenal Medulla (inside, neural)

54
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex produce?

A

STEROIDS
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)
Tiny bit of sex hormones (androgen + estrogen)

55
Q

What does the Renin-Angiotensin System control?

A

Regulates blood pressure

56
Q

What is aldosterone’s role in the Renin-Angiotensin System?

A

Released by the Adrenal Cortex to prevent water reabsorption by INCREASING Na+ absorption and SECRETING K+ to help with blood volume

57
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids?

A

Cortisol and cortisone are hyperglycemic hormones that increase blood sugar to deal with stress and inflammatory responses

58
Q

The Adrenal Cortex is _____ for life and the Adrenal Medulla is _____ for life

A

Vital
Non-vital

59
Q

What hormones are produced by the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

60
Q

What does the Adrenal Medulla directly interact with and add do?

A

Extends effects of the autonomic nervous system “fight or flight”

61
Q

Where is the Pancreas located?

A

Below the stomach in the curve of the duodenum

62
Q

The Pancreas has both _______ and _________ functions

A

Endocrine AND Exocrine

63
Q

How does the Pancreas function as an exocrine gland?

A

Produces digestive enzymes

64
Q

How does the Pancreas function as an endocrine gland?

A

Beta cells produce insulin
Alpha cells produce glucagon

65
Q

What is insulin? How does it work?

A

A HYPOglycemic hormone (LOWERS blood glucose levels)
Increase glucose reuptake in cells and storage of fats, aminos, and glucose

66
Q

When do insulin levels increase?

A

After eating

67
Q

What is glucagon? How does it work?

A

A HYPERglycemic hormone (INCREASES blood glucose levels)
Causes liver to break down glycogen (stored glucose) and promotes the breakdown of fat and protein

68
Q

When do glucagon levels increase?

A

During fasting

69
Q

What hormone does the Pineal Gland produce? What is its purpose?

A

Melatonin
Sleep, circadian and circannual rhythm, puberty

70
Q

What hormone does the Thymus produce? What is its purpose?

A

Thymosin (T-cells)
“Programs” T-lymphocytes for immune system

71
Q

What hormone does the Testes produce? What is its purpose?

A

Testosterone
Secondary male characteristics

72
Q

What hormone does the Ovaries produce? What is its purpose?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone
Menstrual cycle and secondary female characteristics
Also maintains pregnancy

73
Q

Describe Gigantism:
Which gland?
What causes it?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Pituitary Gland disorder
Overproduction of GH (growth hormone), usually due to a tumor on the pituitary
AKA acromegaly in adulthood

Prominent jaw, large hands and feet, thick facial features, and delayed puberty

74
Q

Describe Dwarfism:
Which gland?
What causes it?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Pituitary Gland disorder
Underproduction of GH (growth hormone)

Slow growth rate

75
Q

Describe Goiter:
Which gland?
What causes it?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Thyroid Gland disorder
Decreased secretion of T3/T4 so Thyroid Gland grows larger to make up for lack of hormones

Can happen if you severely lack IODINE, 40+, women, smokers

76
Q

Describe Graves’ Disease:
Which gland?
What causes it?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Thyroid Gland disorder
Autoimmune, antibodies mimic effect of TSH (thyroid secretion hormone) so over secretion of T3/T4 from Thyroid Gland

Causes increased metabolism, weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, anxiety, and protruding eyes

More likely in women, middle aged, history of autoimmune disease

77
Q

Describe Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism):
Which gland?
What causes it?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Thyroid Gland disorder
Underdeveloped Thyroid Gland causes underproduction of T3/T4 hormones

Cause intellectual disability, disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck

Genetic, can occur if not enough iodine in pregnancy

78
Q

Describe Cushing’s Disease:
Which gland?
What causes it?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Adrenal Gland disorder
Over secretion of cortisol, sometimes caused by pituitary tumor sending too much ACTH or steroid medications

Causes moon face, hump on upper back, facial hair, and easy bruising

More likely in women, middle aged, or if have hereditary pituitary tumors

79
Q

Describe Diabetes Mellitus:
Which gland?
What causes it?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Pancreas Gland disorder
Type 1: insulin not secreted, usually children
Type 2: insulin present but ineffective, usually adults, obesity, family history

Causes hyperglycemia (too much glucose in blood), leading to polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria, lethargy, polyphagia (excessive eating), stomach issues, and hyperventilation

Bio202 (9 decks)

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