Unit 3: Hematology Flashcards
Functions of blood
transportation
(respiration, nutrition, waste elimination, thermoregulation, immune defense, water balance, an pH balance)
How many liters of blood does the average adult have
4-6 Liters
What are the components of blood
Formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets)
Plasma
Define osmolarity and what is it regulated by
Total molarity of dissolved solutes in blood
High osmolarity = concentrated solutes = increased fluid reabsorption = dilute blood
Low osmolarity = diluted = tissues retain fluid = edema
Regulated by albumin
What are the common nutrients in plasma
Glucose, amino acids, and lipids
What are the common gases in plasma
Mostly O2
Some CO2 but it is hard to dissolve in large quantities
What are the 3 plasma proteins
Albumins
Immunoglobulins/ antibodies
Fibrinogens (+ other clotting factors)
Define albumin
most common protein in plasma, controls the viscosity and osmolality of blood
Define immunoglobulin/antibodies
Defense proteins
What are fibrinogens for
clotting
What are the nitrogenous compounds in plasma
Amino acids (from breakdown of tissue and diet)
Nitrogenous waste (toxic waste from catabolism, mostly from phosphagen system)
Albumins and fibrinogens are produced in the
liver
Define erythocyte
red blood cell full of hemoglobin which carries mostly O2 and some CO2
Define leukocyte
white blood cell for immunity, allergy response, antibody production, and inflammation
Define thrombocyte
platelets for hemostasis (clotting)
Define hemostasis
clotting
Hemopoietic tissue produces
blood cells
Where are WBCs produced after birth
Spleen and thymus
and red bone marrow
What does red bone marrow produce
WBC, RBC, and platelets
Define hemocytoblast
Pluripotent stem cells which multiply and can differentiate to many cell lines
Define committed cells
only become 1 specific blood cell line
Hemopoiesis is stimulated by (chemicals)
erythropoietin
thrombopoietin
colony stimulating factors
Describe the appearance of erythrocytes
Disc-shaped with a bi-concave shape for extra surface area
No organelles inside
What triggers erythrocyte homeostasis
Low levels of O2 (hypoxemia)
detected by kidneys to release EPO
Describe the development of erythrocytes
Proerythroblast
Erythroblast
Normoblast (w/ hemoglobin)
Reticulocyte (w/o organelles)
Erythrocyte
What nutrients are essential for erythropoiesis and why
Iron (to create hemoglobin)
B12 & folic acid (cell division)
Vitamin C & Copper (cofactor enzymes to synthesize RBCs)
Hemoglobin holds _____ O2
4
A heme group binds ____ to _____
O2 to Fe
RBCs die and are broken down in the
spleen by macrophages
Heme is converted to ____ to ______ to ______
biliverdin
bilirubin
urobilinogen
Transfusing the wrong blood type causes
Agglutination
B-Cells and T-Cells are
lymphocytes
B cells mature in the
red bone marrow
T cells mature in the
thymus
Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units differentiate into
macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils
What is released to tell the WBCs which to differentiate into
Colony stimulating factors
WBCs exit the blood to
lymph and interstitial fluid
Monocytes turn into
macrophages
What is the function of neutrophils
Increase due to bacterial infection
Phagocytize bacteria
What is the function of eosinophils
Increase due to parasites or allergy
Release enzyme to destroy parasite and phagocytize allergens and antigen/antibody complexes
What is the function of basophils
Increase due to allergy, trauma, parasite
Secrete histamine and heparin to increase inflammatory response
What does heparin do
Anticoagulant
What do histamines do
Vasodilator
What do lymphocytes do (T and B Cells)
Destroy foreign cells, viruses, cancer
Control other immune cells and signal for more
Secrete antibodies
Provide immune memory
What do monocytes do
Become macrophages which phagocytize pathogens
Increase due to infection and inflammation
Announce antigens to signal for more immune cells
Hemocytoblasts become ______ in response to thrombopoietin
Megakaryoblasts
Platelets come from
megakaryoblasts
Define hemostasis
control of bleeding
Describe a vascular spasm
Quick constriction of blood vessel to give time to other mechanisms to work
Stimulated by pain receptors to release serotonin and endothelin
Describe platelet plugs
Broken, rough vessel disturbs prostacyclins and triggers platelet plug formation
Platelets degranulate and release serotonin, adenosine diphosphate, and thromboxane A2
Describe coagulation
Quick and accurate “fish net” formed from conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin threads
Process boosted by procoagulants released by liver
Describe the reaction cascade of coagulation
Prothrombin activator -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin
What is released by platelets to increase mitosis and repair the blood vessels
Platelet derived growth factor
What dissolves clots
Fibrinolysis
What prevents unnecessary coagulation
Platelet repulsion (prostacylin)
Diluted thrombin (from fast blood flow)
Natural anticoagulants (antithrombin and heparin)
Describe leukemia
Cancer of the leukocytes
Can be acute or chronic
Treated with radiation and chemotherapy
Describe hemophilia
Gene mutation which causes lack of clotting factor production (mostly factor VIII and IX)
Sex-linked and recessive
Causes spontaneous and frequent bleeding, bruising
Treated by infusions of missing factors
Describe erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus (mom negative and baby positive)
Affects second pregnancy because mom created antibodies against fetus due to first birth
Causes anemia in baby and can be fatal
Can be prevented with RHOGAM
Describe sickle cell anemia
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder where hemoglobin protein is the wrong shape
Causes pain, anemia, vulnerability to infection, shortness of breath, FATIGUE, and delayed growth
Describe thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count due to immune system issues, leukemia, medication
Causes excessive bleeding and bruising, excessive menstruation and blood in urine/stool
