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Bio202 > Unit 6: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 6: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define respiration

A

Gas exchange in the body

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2
Q

Define external respiration

A

Exchange of gasses between air and the blood in lungs

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3
Q

Define internal respiration

A

Exchange of gasses between blood and body tissues

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4
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

Chemical reaction inside a cell’s mitochondria which converts food into ATP

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5
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

Inhaling and exhaling

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the upper respiratory tract? What is another name for this?

A

Nasal cavity to Pharynx to Larynx
AKA Conducting division

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7
Q

What are 3 parts of lower respiratory tract? What is another name for this?

A

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli
AKA Respiratory division

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8
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

Lungs

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9
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

Everywhere except the lungs

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

Warms, moistens, and filters air
Detects odors
Is a resonating chamber to amplify your voice

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11
Q

Define nasal conchae

A

Bony protrusions on the sides of the nose that are lined with mucous membranes which increase surface area for contact with air

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12
Q

Define meatuses

A

Narrow canals under each concha that increases turbulence of air in the nose for greater contact with membranes

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13
Q

Define olfactory mucosa

A

Mucous membrane on roof of nose with olfactory receptors

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14
Q

Define respiratory mucosa

A

Mucous membranes lining rest of the nose which provide defense, also warms and humidifies air

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15
Q

How does the respiratory mucosa provide defense for the immune system

A

Goblet cells produce mucus which traps particles and is pushed to pharynx to swallow
Lysozyme enzyme destroys bacteria
Large blood supply with many WBCs

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16
Q

Define nasopharynx and how does it conduct air

A

Air inhaled through nose is turned 90 degrees down to pharynx which traps particles in mucosa

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17
Q

Define oropharynx

A

Portion of pharynx behind oral cavity

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18
Q

Define laryngopharynx

A

Portion of pharynx which is for both digestion and air passage

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19
Q

The larynx is also known as the

A

Voice box

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20
Q

Define epiglottis

A

Flap that protects the glottic and instead directs food to the esophagus

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21
Q

Define glottis

A

Opening of the larynx

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22
Q

Define vocal chords

A

Flaps which vibrate to create sound which are controlled by intrinsic muscles

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23
Q

Define trachea

A

16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings with an opening that faces the esophagus

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24
Q

Define trachealis muscle

A

Muscle which spans over the gap of the “C” that adjusts airflow by expanding or contracting

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25
Q

Define mucociliary escalator

A

The larynx and trachea are lined with mucous and cilia which trap pathogens and send them back UP to the pharynx where it can be swallowed and digested

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26
Q

Define bronchioles

A

Small tubes at the end of tertiary bronchi

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27
Q

Where are alveoli located

A

At the end of bronchioles attached to alveoli ducts and then sacs

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of alveoli cells?

A

Type 1 squamous alveolar cells
Type 2 great alveolar cells
Alveolar macrophages

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29
Q

Describe the function of Type 1 squamous alveolar cells

A

Form respiration membrane primarily for gas exchange

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30
Q

Describe the function of Type 2 great alveolar cells

A

Secrete surfactant which decreases the surface tension of water in the lungs so that alveoli do not collapse

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31
Q

What is the pleural cavity

A

Space around the lungs between the visceral and parietal pleura

32
Q

What is the pleural cavity filled with and why?

A

Pleural fluid
Reduces friction so lungs can inflate
Compartmentalize so infection doesn’t spread easily

33
Q

Define pressure gradients in respiration

A

The difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures which is created by volume change of the chest (expand or contract to create/decrease space)
Air flows from high pressure to low

34
Q

Define intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure that is inversely proportionate to volume
(Boyle’s law)
Low volume (small space) = High pressure and vice versa

35
Q

What is Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure is inversely proportionate to volume

36
Q

What are the main inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm
Scalenes
External intercostals
Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and erector spinae

37
Q

Describe the diaphragm and its role in inspiration

A

Umbrella shaped muscle under the lungs which shifts down when contracted to create more space in the chest cavity

38
Q

What are scalene muscles for

A

In the neck, help with deep inhales

39
Q

Describe external intercostals and their role in inspiration

A

Muscles between ribs which elevate the ribs when contracted to create more space in chest cavity

40
Q

The pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, and erector spinae muscles are used for _______

A

deep/ forced inspiration

41
Q

During inspiration, __________ and _______ pressure drops

A

Intrapleural and intrapulmonary

42
Q

Increased volume of thorax = ______ pressure

A

lower

43
Q

Lungs expand and the air moves into the lungs due to

A

Concentration gradient and Charles law (hot air expands)

44
Q

During passive expiration, what occurs? Why?

A

Intrapulmonary volume decreases which increases pressure, forcing air out of the lungs
Thorax volume decreases as diaphragm and external intercostals relax and alveoli spring back to OG shape

45
Q

What happens during a forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostals depress the ribs and abdominal muscles contract to push diaphragm up which decreases volume of thorax

46
Q

What are some non-respiratory air movements in the body

A

Cough (clear low tract)
Sneeze (clear upper tract)
Laugh/Cry
Hiccups
Yawn

47
Q

Air is a mix of what?

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen
some CO2
other gasses

48
Q

Each gas in the air contributes to what?

A

Partial pressures added up to overall pressure

49
Q

Define partial pressure

A

Concentration of gas in air

50
Q

The partial pressure determines what

A

Rate of diffusion of gases from the alveolar air to the blood

51
Q

Describe alveolar air

A

Different from normal air because it is warmed, humidified, mixed with residual air and gases have exchanged

52
Q

What factors affect gas exchange?

A

Henry’s Law
Concentration gradients of gases
Gas solubility
Membrane thickness
Membrane surface area
Ventilation-Perfusion coupling

53
Q

Define Henry’s Law

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in water depends on both the solubility of the gas in water and its partial pressure in air

54
Q

Describe ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

For good ventilation, you need good perfusion of blood

55
Q

In arterial blood, _____% is bound to hemoglobin and _____% is dissolved in the plasma

A

98.5%
1.5%

56
Q

A hemoglobin can carry ____ O2

A

4

57
Q

Define oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin with all 4 O2 attached

58
Q

Define deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin without any O2 attached

59
Q

After hemoglobin binds with 1 O2, it has a _________ effect. Explain this

A

Positive feedback
Obtaining the 1 O2 makes the hemoglobin change shape so it obtains the next 3 O2 faster

60
Q

In the alveoli, all hemoglobin are _____

A

fully loaded

61
Q

In tissues, ______% of O2 dissociates from Hb

A

25%

62
Q

When tissue is active, what decreases? What does this cause Hb to do?

A

Decreased O2 so Hb releases more O2 (“Unloads”)

63
Q

What happens when temperature increases in tissue?

A

Hb releases more O2 (“unloads”)

64
Q

Describe the Bohr effect

A

Active tissue has more CO2, so it attracts more H+ which lowers the pH, causing Hb to release O2 (“unloads”)

65
Q

Describe the Haldane effect

A

If hemoglobins are not fully loaded, can carry CO2 but
deoxyhemoglobins (fully empty) binds to CO2 and H+ and creates bicarbonate (HCO3) to easily transport CO2 in body

66
Q

What controls unconscious breathing

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

67
Q

When do inspiratory neurons fire?

A

During inspiration

68
Q

When do expiratory neurons fire?

A

During forced expiration

69
Q

What controls voluntary breathing

A

Motor cortex

70
Q

Is the CO2 levels in blood are too high, it causes

A

automatic respiration

71
Q

What monitors blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels in the blood

A

Brain and artery chemoreceptors

72
Q

How does the limbic system and hypothalamus affect respiration

A

pain and emotion affect respiration

73
Q

How does the airway and lungs respond to irritants in the air?

A

Coughing

74
Q

Chemoreceptors MOSTLY monitor

A

blood pH in relation to CO2 concentration

75
Q

Define Asthma
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Chronic condition from inflamed bronchi which is worsened by allergens
Can lead to asthma attack

Wheezing, tight chest, shortness of breath, and coughing

Usually diagnoses in childhood, especially in people with allergies and family history

76
Q

Define COPD
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2 illnesses often:
Emphysema (loss of alveoli) and chronic Bronchitis (inflamed bronchi tubes)

Caused by long term exposure to smoking, dust, or chemicals

Wheezing, tight chest, shortness of breath, and coughing

80-90% are long term smokers, others are workers exposed to dust and chemicals

77
Q

Define Tuberculosis
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Lung disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacteria, which spreads in air

Long lasting cough which sometimes includes blood, fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite

Anyone can get it but more so immunocompromised people, infants, elderly, and when traveling to other countries

Bio202 (9 decks)

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