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Bio202 > Unit 7: Urinary System > Flashcards

Unit 7: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the kidneys

A

Excretion
Filter blood plasma
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
Secrete hormones
Regulate acid/base balance of blood

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2
Q

What wastes are filtered by the kidneys

A

Excess minerals
Nitrogenous wastes

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3
Q

What are 3 nitrogenous wastes

A

Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine

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4
Q

What is urea produced from

A

Protein metabolism

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5
Q

What is uric acid produced from

A

Nucleic acid metabolism

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6
Q

What is creatinine produced from

A

phosphagen energy system

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7
Q

Describe the flow of blood INTO the kidneys

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental arteries
  3. interlobar arteries
  4. arcuate arteries
  5. cortical radiate arteries
  6. afferent arteriole
  7. Glomerulus
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8
Q

Where do segmental arteries branch from

A

renal artery

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9
Q

Where would you find interlobar arteries in the kidney

A

running between pyramids in the renal columns

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10
Q

Where would you find arcuate arteries

A

Running OVER renal pyramids

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11
Q

Where do cortical radiate arteries lead to

A

renal cortex

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12
Q

Define Glomerulus

A

capillary network which is the filtration center of the nephron

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13
Q

Describe the flow of blood OUT of the kidney

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. efferent arteriole
  3. peritubular capillary
  4. cortical radiate veins
  5. arcuate veins
  6. interlobar veins
  7. renal vein
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14
Q

What is the function of a nephron

A

Filter blood to produce urine

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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16
Q

Describe cortical nephrons

A

80% of nephrons
Short loop which produces most of the urine

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17
Q

Describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A

20% of nephrons
Long loop which extends deep into the renal medulla
Maintains Na+ levels and water balance

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18
Q

What are the 2 major parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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19
Q

Describe a renal corpuscle and its function

A

Site of filtration where the glomular capsule surrounds the glomerulus

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20
Q

What are the renal tubules

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Nephron Loop
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

end at the collecting duct

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21
Q

Describe the form and function of proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs)

A

Longest tube (microvilli lined) with many coils (mitochondria lined)

Receives filtrate from the glomerulus
Performs majority of reabsorption of filtrate

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22
Q

Describe the form and function of the nephron loop

A

U-shaped with a thin (descending) limb and thick (ascending) limb

Ascending limb does active transport of salts
Descending limb balances water
WATER CONSERVATION
REGULATE BLOOD pH

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23
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

active transport of filtrates (glucose and amino acids)

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24
Q

What is the function of microvilli in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

increased surface area for more reabsorption

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25
Q

What are the 2 routes of reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Transcellular (across cell)
Paracellular (between cells)

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26
Q

Renal tubules are surrounded by

A

peritubular capillaries

27
Q

The collecting duct receives ____ from _____

A

urine from nephrons

28
Q

Describe flow of urine out of kidney

A

glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

29
Q

What are the 4 parts of urine formation

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Water conservation

30
Q

Urinary excretion =

A

glomerular filtration + tubule filtration - tubular reabsorption

31
Q

Filtrate is made of

A

water and solutes
(like glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, salts)

32
Q

Describe the filtration membrane of glomerulus

A

Has fenestrations, basement membrane, and filtration/glomerular slits

33
Q

Describe the function of fenestrations in the glomerulus

A

increases permeability of capillaries but excludes large particles like RBCs

34
Q

Describe the function of basement membrane in the glomerulus

A

excludes large particles like proteins

35
Q

Describe function of glomerular sites in glomerulus

A

has podocytes (cells)
has slits which exclude very small particles, too

36
Q

What does it mean if there is protein in filtrate

A

Kidney failure

37
Q

Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

Amount of filtrate formed per minute

38
Q

______ of filtrate is reabsorbed

A

99%

39
Q

GFR =

A

NFP x Kp
(pressure x surface area)

40
Q

Net filtration pressure is determined by

A

glomerular capillary pressure (BP), colloid osmotic pressure (albumin), and pressure in glom. capsule

41
Q

Kf (filtration coefficient) is determined by

A

surface area and permeability of filtration membrane

42
Q

An increased GFR leads to

A

increase urine output
dehydration
decreased electrolytes

43
Q

A decreased GFR leads to

A

waste retention

44
Q

GFR maintains homeostasis through what 3 methods

A

Autoregulation
Sympathetic Nervous System
Hormonal control

45
Q

Describe autoregulation of GFR

A

Myogenic mechanism

an increased BP causes afferent arteriole to stretch, causing ion channels to open, depolarize, and contract

BP kept constant by vasoconstriction

46
Q

Describe how the sympathetic nervous system controls GFR

A

increased exercise or stress causes afferent arterioles to contract, which decreases GFR and urine output, while redirecting blood to heart, brain, and muscles

47
Q

Describe hormonal control of GFR

A

Angiotensin - Renin system

48
Q

Describe the Angiotensin - Renin system

A

Angiotensinogen converted to Angiotensin I by Renin enzyme
Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II by ACE
Angiotensin II stimulates production of aldosterone which causes water retention in kidneys

49
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule and collecting duct has which hormone receptors

A

Renin
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

50
Q

Which hormones decrease urine output to increase water retention

A

Renin
Aldosterone
ADH
PTH

51
Q

What does aldosterone promote

A

Salt and water reabsorption
(decrease urine, increase BP)

52
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promote

A

Water reabsorption in collecting ducts in response to dehydration

53
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promote

A

Water and salt excretion in response to high BP
(increase urine, decrease BP)

54
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote

A

Kidney reabsorption of calcium and osteoclast activity to increase blood calcium levels

55
Q

More salt means

A

MORE WATER RETAINED!

56
Q

What is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism in nephron

A

Retain water to avoid dehydration

57
Q

What does the descending limb of the countercurrent mechanism do

A

Reabsorb water from tubule
Concentrates tubular fluid

58
Q

What does the ascending limb of the countercurrent mechanism do

A

Reabsorb Na+, K+, Cl-
Maintain osmolarity of renal medulla
Dilute tubular fluid

59
Q

Describe Vasa Recta

A

Blood vessels by juxtamedullary nephrons which maintain salt and water concentration
Receives salt and water from countercurrent mechanism

60
Q

The countercurrent multiplier is a ________ feedback loop

A

positive

61
Q

What does the collecting duct do

A

Concentrate urine
Releases water in response to high medulla osmolarity

62
Q

Describe Kidney Stones
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Kidneys collected stones made of calcium with oxalate, phosphate, or carbonate OR stones made of other substances (e.g. struvite, uric acid, or cystine)

Back pain, blood in urine, cloudy urine, burning urination, fever, vomiting

Dehydrated, women with UTIs (struvite), men with gout (uric acid), hereditary (cystine)

63
Q

Describe Urinary Tract Infections
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Bacterial infection of urinary tract, usually in bladder but can travel to kidneys

Painful urination, cloudy urine, blood in urine, persistent urge to urinate

women (especially if sexually active), diabetics, people with difficulty fully emptying bladder

64
Q

Describe Bladder Cancer
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Cancerous tissue in bladder lining

Blood in urine, frequent urge to urinate, painful urination, low back pain

Caucasians, men, smokers, elderly, hereditary

Bio202 (9 decks)

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