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Bio202 > Unit 5: Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 5: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Propulsion
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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3
Q

Describe mechanical digestion and the methods

A

Physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
Chewing
Stomach churning
Bile action
Segmentation and peristalsis

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4
Q

Describe chemical digestion and 4 macromolecules it breaks down

A

Breaking chemical bonds in food to convert macromolecules to monomers

Polysaccharides (carbs) break down to monosaccharides (sugars)

Protein breaks down into amino acids

Fat/Lipids break down into monoglycerides and fatty acids

Nucleic acid breaks down into nucleotides

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5
Q

What is the chemical reaction called in chemical digestion?

A

Catabolism which uses hydrolysis to break down food

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6
Q

What are the 3 processes of digestion?

A

Motility
Secretion
Membrane transport

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7
Q

Describe motility of the GI tract

A

Muscle contractions break up food, mix it with enzymes, and move it along the tract

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8
Q

Describe secretion in the GI tract

A

Release of digestive enzymes and hormones into the GI tract

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9
Q

Describe membrane transport in the GI tract

A

Absorption of nutrients into epithelium, blood vessels, and lacteals

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10
Q

The GI tract stretches from

A

mouth to anus

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11
Q

What are the 6 accessory organs to the GI tract

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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12
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract walls (inner to outer)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa (with blood vessels and lymph vessels)
Muscularis
Serosa

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13
Q

What do the cheeks and lips do for the GI tract?

A

Keeps food in between the teeth for mastication

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14
Q

What does the tongue do for the GI tract?

A

Has sensory papillae and moves the bolus back toward oropharynx

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15
Q

What do the hard and soft palate do for the GI tract?

A

Soft palate - separates oral cavity from nasopharynx
Hard palate - separates oral cavity from larynx

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16
Q

What do teeth do for the GI tract?

A

Mastication and increasing surface area of food particles for enzyme penetration

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17
Q

What are the 4 components of saliva

A

Water
Amylase
Mucus
Lysozyme

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18
Q

Amylase is primarily for

A

starch digestion

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19
Q

What neutralizes the pH of saliva?

A

Bicarbonate

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20
Q

What do intrinsic salivary glands do?

A

Are inside mucosa of oral cavity
Constantly secrete saliva

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21
Q

What do extrinsic salivary glands do?

A

Connect to the oral cavity through ducts (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)
Mainly to assist with digestion

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22
Q

What are the 2 phases of swallong?

A

Buccal phase (voluntary)
Pharyngeal-Esophageal phase (involuntary)

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23
Q

Describe the buccal phase of swallowing

A

Tongue pushes bolus towards the oropharynx

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24
Q

Describe the pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing

A

Soft palate blocks nasopharynx and hard palate blocks larynx
Pharyngeal muscles push bolus to esophagus

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25
Q

Where does the esophagus stretch to/from

A

From the laryngopharynx to the cardiac region of the stomach

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26
Q

What kind of contractions does the esophagus use to move food

A

Peristalsis

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27
Q

What prevents acid reflux

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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28
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Mechanical churning to break up/liquify chyme
Chemical digestion of proteins with pepsin
Absorbs water and some drugs, NOT nutrients

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29
Q

Describe the layers of the muscle wall

A

Inner mucosa layer has gastric glands/pits
Muscularis has 3 layers (instead of 2) for churning

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30
Q

What are the 5 gastric gland cells?

A

Goblet
Regenerative
Parietal
Chief
Enteroendocrine

31
Q

Describe goblet cells

A

Secrete akaline mucus (protect lining from acid)

32
Q

Describe regenerative cells

A

Do rapid mitosis and new cells migrate to surface

33
Q

Describe parietal cells

A

Make HCl and intrinsic factor

34
Q

Describe chief cells

A

Make pepsinogen

35
Q

Describe enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones (like GASTRIN)

36
Q

What does HCl do in stomach

A

Drops the stomach pH to 2-4 (acidic)
Activates pepsinogen to become pepsin
Breaks up tough cell walls and tissue
Converts iron to an absorbable form
Kills pathogens

37
Q

What does intrinsic factor do

A

Secreted by parietal cells to help absorb B12 in the small intestine

38
Q

What does B12 help with

A

RBC production
Brain and nerve function
Memory
DNA synthesis

39
Q

What is the function of pepsin

A

Pepsinogen (from chief cells) are converted to pepsin by HCl, which activates more pepsin
Pepsin digests proteins into small polypeptide chains and amino acids

40
Q

Describe the body’s coordination of gastric motility

A

Swallowing center in brain signals the stomach to relax
Once food arrives in stomach, receptive-relaxation response occurs which further relaxes stomach
Churning from contractions help move chyme

41
Q

What are rugae

A

The wrinkles in the lining of the stomach which allow for expansion

42
Q

Where is stomach churning the strongest

A

Pyloric region to squeeze chyme into the duodenum

43
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

44
Q

Describe the cephalic phase of gastric secretion

A

Vagus nerve stimulates secretion and motility (senses detect food)

45
Q

Describe the gastric phase of gastric secretion

A

Once food enters stomach, gastric secretions triggered by ACh, gastrin, etc.
Stomach stretches and pH lowers

46
Q

Describe the intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A

Duodenum inhibits stomach secretion and motility after its activity
Triggered by sensing fat in chyme enter the duodenum, which triggers release of secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide

47
Q

Describe cholecystokinin

A

Release in response to fat in the chyme entering duodenum
Causes gallbladder to contract, relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter, and secretes pancreatic enzymes

48
Q

Describe secretin

A

Released in response to acid in chyme entering duodenum
Increase bicarbonate secretion to neutralize the acids

49
Q

Describe gastric inhibiting peptide

A

Released to decrease gastric motility and secretions

50
Q

What does the liver do for digestion?

A

Produces bile which mechanically digests fat

51
Q

What does the gallbladder do for digestion?

A

Stores and concentrates bile from the liver

52
Q

What does the pancreas do for digestion?

A

Exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes and pancreatic juice into duodenum

53
Q

What are the 6 enzymes in pancreatic juice?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Lipase
Amylase
Nuclease
Peptidases

54
Q

How are carbohydrates digested?

A

Pancreatic lipase takes over for salivary amylase, finishes starch digestion
Brush border enzymes act on oligosaccharides and disaccharides
Those sugars are absorbed via active transport into cells and then use facilitated diffusion to move into the blood

55
Q

How are proteins digested?

A

Begins in stomach with pepsin, when reaches sm. intestine pepsin is deactivated by pancreatic juice
Trypsinogen converts to trypsin which digests proteins and activates peptidases and chymotrypsinogen to further break peptides into amino acids

56
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

Active transport into cells and then into blood

57
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

Bile acids emulsify fat globules
Lipases further break down triglyceride to fatty acid and monoglyceride
Absorb into cell through simple diffusion (because its a lipid) and then into LACTEALS through exocytosis

58
Q

Nuclease hydrolyzes ______ into ______

A

DNA/RNA into nucleotides

59
Q

Do vitamins change when absorbed?

A

No

60
Q

Where are minerals absorbed?

A

Small intestine

61
Q

What does the colon do?

A

Reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and bile salts
Mass movement
Defecation

62
Q

Describe the process of defecation

A

Stimulated by stretched rectum
Internal anal sphincter relaxes involuntarily
External anal sphincter relaxes voluntarily

63
Q

What does the lower esophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevent acid reflux back up esophagus

64
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

Regulates amount of chyme being moved from stomach into the duodenum

65
Q

What does the ileocecal sphincter do?

A

Regulates the movement of feces into the cecum

66
Q

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

A

Peristalsis moves in one direction
Segmentation moves in both directions

67
Q

Where does peristalsis occur?

A

Esophagus and small intestine

68
Q

Where does segmentation occur?

A

Small intestine and mostly large intestine

69
Q

What is Celiac Disease?
Symptoms?
Risk groups??

A

Genetic and autoimmune disorder resulting in malabsorption of nutrients due to immune system attacking villi in small intestine when gluten present

Bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss

Genetic, other endocrine disorders such as Type 1 diabetes or thyroid disorder

70
Q

What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
Symptoms?
Risk groups?

A

Disorder of large intestine, cause is unknown but can be linked to motility issues, faulty brain-bowel communication, and pain

Diarrhea OR constipation, cramping, bloating

Common, especially in women and those under 45

71
Q

What are Peptic Ulcers?
Symptoms?
Risk groups?

A

Sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum because of H. Pylori bacteria

Burning stomach pain between meals and at night, can be helped by antacids

Anyone who contracts H. Pylori, especially children

72
Q

What is Hepatitis?
Symptoms?
Risk groups?

A

Inflamed liver from STI, autoimmune disorders, drugs or alcohol, or food virus

Vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, change in urine/feces color, pain, and jaundice

Varies by cause and type of hepatitis contracted

73
Q

What is Diverticulosis? Diverticulitis?
Symptoms?
Risk groups?

A

Deep pouches that bulge from colon, which can develop into diverticulitis if inflamed or infected

Asymptomatic, bloating, cramps, constipation, but can develop into severe symptoms like bleeding, tears, or blockages

Elderly, lack of fiber in diet

74
Q

What is Lactose Intolerance?
Symptoms?
Risk groups?

A

Inability to digest lactose sugars because you have insufficient lactase enzymes

Gas, diarrhea, bloating after eating food with lactose

More common in African, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American population, elderly, prematurely born babies, or people with other intestinal diseases

Bio202 (9 decks)

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