Unit 8: Clinical Psychology Flashcards
DSM-5
American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
use detailed diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 to guide diagnosis & treatment
Anxiety (DSM - 5)
Generalized Anxiety disorder, Specific Phobias, Agoraphobia
Trauma & Stress (DSM-5)
PTSD
Depressive (DSM-5)
major depression, seasonal affective disorder, persistent depression
Bipolar (DSM-5)
Bipolar, Cyclothymic
Personality (DSM - 5)
(clusters)
- A (Odd/Eccentric): 1) paranoid 2) schizoid 3) schizotypal
- B (Dramatic): 4) Borderline 5) Narcissistic 6) Histrionic 7) Antisocial
- C (Fearful):
8) Avoidant 9) Dependent 10) Obsessive compulsive personality disorder OCPD
Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders(DSM - 5)
Obsessions & Compulsions
Schizophrenic (DSM - 5)
Schizophrenia, Delusional disorder
Dissociative (DSM - 5)
DID, Dissociative amnesia w/ / w/o fugue
Somatic Symptom & associated (DSM - 5)
conversion disorder, somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder
Feeding & eating (DSM - 5)
Pica, Binge-eating, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa,
Neurodevelopment (DSM - 5)
attention deficit hyperactive disorder, Autism spectrum Disorder, Tourettes, Fluency disorder
DSM 5 Categories
anxiety
depressive
trauma & stress
bipolar
obsessive-compulsion
schizophrenic
dissociative
somatic symptom
feeding & eating
neurodevelopment
Psychological disorder
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition/ emotion, regulation/ behavior
Disturbed thoughts, emotions, behaviors: maladaptive/dysfunctional & interfere w/ life
3000 B.C.E(stone age) psych disorders
Trephining: believed in cutting holes into skull of a living person to release demons & curing mental disorders
19th century reformers for psych disorders
Philippe Pinel - France opposed brutal treatments & under Pinel’s influence, hospitals sponsored patient dances, called “lunatic balls”
DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION
transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community based facilities that emphasize outpatient care
Neuro-developmental disorders
caused by unusual brain development, brain damage, / any brain abnormality
Autism Spectrum Disorder
characterized by atypical: behaviors, speech, interests, thought patterns, & interpersonal interactions
PPL w/ ASD have a difficult time interpreting social cues and may prefer routine over spontaneity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD = marked by
Extreme inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity
Intellectual Disabilities
Having an IQ below 70 = often some intellectual disability causes:
limitations in learning
Hard time solving problems
Difficulty communicating
Lack of many skills needed for everyday life
Global Developmental Development Delay
Language Disorder
Speech Sound Disorder
Social Communication Disorder (combines expressive and mixed receptive – expressive language disorders)
Specific Learning Disorders
combines the diagnosis of reading, mathematics disorders & disorder of written expression
Motor Disorders
Developmental Coordination Disorder
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Tic Disorders
Tourette’s Disorder
Persistent (Chronic) Motor / Vocal Tic Disorder
Provisional Tic Disorder
Schizophrenia **
a psychiatric disorder - impacts an individual’s perception of reality.
During a psychotic episode, people may experience delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, diminished/inappropriate emotional expression
Acute Schizophrenia
developed rapidly after a stress period
ppl w/ this variant = more positive symptoms and are responsive to therapy, so recovery is possible
Chronic Schizophrenia
slow & develops over time.
Ppl w/ chronic schizophrenia = negative symptom
Recovery is doubtful. Negative symptoms remove from a person’s personality
Positive & Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms:
Hallucinations , talk in disorganized/deluded ways, exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, rage
Negative symptoms:
Absence of emotion in voice, expressionless faces, unmoving mute/rigid bodies
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, / perceptions,ex: seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Delusions
a false belief, often of persecution / grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
when a person experiences a depressed mood & loss of interest for a long, sustained time period
Depression usually occurs after a loss, unmotivated
Bipolar Disorder
characterized by fluctuating mood swings between depression & mania/ hypomania. (Mania = marked by a hyperactive state that can be euphoric)
During a manic episode, an individual may = more impulsive, irritable, hyperactive, energetic, prone to reckless behavior
can experience depression
Anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety / maladaptive(dysfunctional) behaviors that reduce anxiety
Social Anxiety Disorder
intense fear and avoidance of social situations (formerly called social phobia)
anxiety caused by most social interactions. ppl w/ disorder fear rejection, embarrassment/ judgment
may result in agoraphobia
Agoraphobia
a type of anxiety disorder that involves a FEAR OF:
being in situations where it might be difficult/embarrassing to escape/ get help in the event of a panic attack (avoid public places)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a person is continually tense, apprehensive, & in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
consistent anxiety of worst-case scenario situations abt any ongoing event
Bc constant anxiety(6 months +) - they have hard time sleeping, depressed, jittery, agitated
Panic disorder
a mix of physiological & fear-based anxiety
often includes unpredictable panic attacks w/ physical symptoms & terror
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Trauma-rooted anxiety disorder
may have triggers that provoke anxiety / flashbacks from a traumatic event in the past
Intrusive thoughts & emotions stemming from these previous events may be present, causing a disruption in daily functioning
Usually survivors of accidents, assaults, & war experience extreme PTSD & cannot overcome their past traumas, the greater their trauma, the higher the risk for PTSD
Somatic Symptom Disorder
(a person feels extreme, exaggerated anxiety about physical symptoms)
(Formerly called somatoform disorder)
Conversion Disorder
a person experiences specific physical symptoms for no reason
A person may lose function somewhere & it makes no physiological sense (ex: unexplained blindness, paralysis)
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease (formerly hypochondriasis)
Dissociative disorders
disruption causing inconsistencies in consciousness
A person may have memory loss or a complete change in identity
Dissociative fugue
(not knowing who you are, perhaps accompanied by travel / relocation to a new place)
a sudden loss of memory or change in identity bc stress
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Most commonly rooted in trauma
alternate personalities are used to cope when the stress &/ pain is too intense
very rare and those with DID have 2/+, completely diff personalities
Personality Disorders
Inflexible & enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
10 disorders in DSM-5 tend to form 3 clusters characterized by anxiety, eccentric behavior/dramatic/impulsive
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
(eccentric) - A
Irrational fear, inability to trust others, often thinks in worst case scenario situations
Schizoid Personality Disorder
(eccentric) - A
Detachment from emotions and relationships, little to no interest in any social interaction
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
(eccentric)
eccentric &/or erratic thought, behavioral, and speech patterns, delusions may be present
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
(dramatic/impulsive) - B
Lack of empathy, manipulators, lack of conscience
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
dramatic/impulsive) - B
Extreme emotional swings & perceptions of the world, impulsive behavior
Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)
(dramatic/impulsive) - B
obsessive need to be the center of attention, ppl-pleasing
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD)
(anxiety) - C
Low self-esteem, avoidance of social interactions, afraid of rejection & criticism
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
(anxiety) - C
abandonment issues, anxiety when alone, afraid of rejection & criticism
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
(anxiety) - C
Obsessions & compulsions abt perfectionism, unable to notice any problems present
Eating disorders
disordered eating patterns
patterns can be caused by body image issues, an inability to regulate hunger, diseased conditions, / difficulty with sensory input.
Anorexia Nervosa
a somatic condition characterized by body image issues, starvation/ restriction of food, unhealthy obsessions & compulsions regarding weight, & malnutrition
ppl w/ anorexia usually maintain a starvation diet even though they are underweight. They continue to feel overweight
Bulimia Nervosa
body image issues, but w/ diff disordered eating patterns
cycles of binge eating & purging in order to lose weight
Weight loss patterns for bulimics tend to widely fluctuate due to the inconsistent nature of food consumption
After having any meal and binge eating, bulimics force themselves to purge.
bc fluctuating weight, bulimia is very hard to detect visibly.
throw up repeatedly -> tend to have yellowed teeth
Binge Eating Disorder
hunger regulation is low / nonexistent due to issues in the hypothalamus
binge-eat & then feel guilty or disgusted shortly after
Instead of eating & stop eating when full, those with binge eating disorders eat non-stop for a “binge episode” without regard to being full or not
Binge Eating Disorder
hunger regulation is low / nonexistent due to issues in the hypothalamus
binge-eat & then feel guilty or disgusted shortly after
Instead of eating & stop eating when full, those with binge eating disorders eat non-stop for a “binge episode” without regard to being full or not
Eclectic approach to psychotherapy
Uses techniques from various forms of therapy (blends & combine techniques)
Ex: a therapist may use dream interpretation /free association during sessions (psychoanalytic), but also help you to change your flawed / faulty thinking patterns (cognitive)
What is a phobia?
Irrational & excessive fears of particular stimuli (heights)
What is a Fetish?
A condition - arousal / sexual gratification is attained thru inanimate objects
Behavioral perspective & disorder treatment
identifying learned behaviors & using conditioning / reinforcement for corrections
Counterconditioning
exposure therapy & systematic desensitization
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
Behavior modification
Counterconditioning
using classical conditioning to create new conditioned responses
Mary Jones & Systemic Desensitization
introduced exposure therapy & systematic desensitization
(includes pairing a stimulus of fear w/ relaxation techniques & conditioning the subject to associate the stimulus w/ relaxation rather than fear)
uses hierarchies of anxiety stimuli
Virtual reality exposure therapy
When anxiety is too difficult to recreate w/ systematic desensitization
therapists may use virtual reality exposure therapy to help their patients interact w/ stimuli
Aversive conditioning
Counter conditioning that associates something unpleasant w/ unwanted behavior.
Ex: substance use disorders are very difficult to beat. If one uses aversive conditioning to condition nausea with alcohol, the client will, eventually, no longer be inclined to drink alcohol
Behavior modification
therapists encourage wanted behaviors w/ reinforcement & discourage negative behaviors
Cognitive perspective & disorder treatment
emphasis on current thoughts, behaviors, etc
thinking “colors” our feelings, so we must think differently to develop positive, normalized feelings
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- challenges people to think otherwise & enables healthier behaviors. Think of REBT as reserving irrational beliefs.
Humanistic perspective & disorder treatment
provides more individualism in treatment planning than other approaches
non-deterministic approach by Carl Rogers states that humans are innately good & can change
Client-centered talk therapy = primary treatment method
unconditional postiive regard
Client-centered talk therapy
focuses on helping them reach self-actualization (present & future)
focuses on promoting active listening in an accepting, genuine, & empathic environ. Don’t forget unconditional positive regard!
Psychodynamic perspective & disorder treatment
behavior is influenced by unconscious motives through the id, superego, & ego
fast therapy & providing immediate relief through understanding feelings and learning about yourself. Rather than thinking about the past, they focus on current relationships
Freud believed that unconscious, uncontrollable urges & motivations lead to disorders & irrational thinking
Psychodynamic focused on…
Bringing unconscious thoughts into awareness, providing an insight into where the disorder may be coming from. This gets rid of the disorder from the inside
Using free association, Freud would look for mental blocks (stopping mid-thought to prevent saying something or changing the subject), which show resistance
began to interpret why these blocks existed.
eventually patient = more open & comfortable, expressing feelings with no problem (whether negative/positive).
When the patient did this, Freud would think they are transferring thoughts experienced in the past into the present. This then provides insight to complete the cycle
Cognitive-behavioral perspective & disorder treatment
primary type of therapy used in this approach due to its combo of perspectives
most widely practiced therapies & most successful. It aims to change the way someone thinks & acts
learn that their negative thoughts are irrational & begin to replace them with a positive way of thinking
CBT works with anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and anorexia.
Sociocultural perspective & disorder treatment
contextualizes personal development w/ in societal expectations & norms
The psychology of an individual is heavily shaped by those factors + interactions between other people & cultures
Biological Psychology of treatment
medication is utilized
Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, & other disorders may be caused by a mixture of previously listed factors & a chemical imbalance
Psychopharmacology
study of drugs on the mind & on our behavior = 1 treatment method (ex: Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs)
Antidepressants
used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD
anti-anxiety drugs
used to treat anxiety disorders
mood stabilizers
help those w/ bipolar disorder
antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs
help treat people w/ disorders like schizophrenia
Individual Treatment Method
can widely vary depending on approach
always a 1-on-1 client-centered setting w/ various areas that can be improved
Main downside = any interpersonal techniques may be hard to practice, because no one else is present
Group Treatment Method
support-centric, helps patients feel less isolated in their problems
Great for developing interpersonal & other social skills while costing less and providing more progress
may be hard for individuals who prefer to keep their issues out of the public eye
Rational-Emotive Treatment Method
serves to rationalize, contextualize, & identify negative feelings & associated patterns
Thoughts are placed in diff contexts & reframed in attempts to correct/replace certain patterns
Major downside = deeply rooted issues take time to undo
Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic Treatment Method
Reduce anxiety through self-insight
Interpret patients’ memories & feelings
Client-centered Treatment Method
HUMANISTIC
Enable growth via unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
Listen actively and reflect clients’ feelings.
Cognitive Treatment Method
Promotes healthier thinking and self-talk.
train people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions
Behavioral Treatment Method
Relearn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problem ones.
Use classical conditioning or operant conditioning
Cognitive-behavioral Treatment Method
Promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors
Train ppl to counter self-harmful thoughts and to act out their new ways of thinking
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
severely depressed, client would be given an anesthetic & then brief electric currents would be sent to their brain
repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
usually used for those with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) / depression. It is similar to ECT, but instead of electric currents, magnetic energy is sent to the brain.
magnetic currents either stimulate / suppress activity in brain, & it is very painless and quick
