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AP Psych > Unit 8: Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 8: Clinical Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

DSM-5

A

American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

use detailed diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 to guide diagnosis & treatment

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2
Q

Anxiety (DSM - 5)

A

Generalized Anxiety disorder, Specific Phobias, Agoraphobia

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3
Q

Trauma & Stress (DSM-5)

A

PTSD

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4
Q

Depressive (DSM-5)

A

major depression, seasonal affective disorder, persistent depression

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5
Q

Bipolar (DSM-5)

A

Bipolar, Cyclothymic

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6
Q

Personality (DSM - 5)

A

(clusters)
- A (Odd/Eccentric): 1) paranoid 2) schizoid 3) schizotypal

  • B (Dramatic): 4) Borderline 5) Narcissistic 6) Histrionic 7) Antisocial
  • C (Fearful):

8) Avoidant 9) Dependent 10) Obsessive compulsive personality disorder OCPD

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7
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders(DSM - 5)

A

Obsessions & Compulsions

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8
Q

Schizophrenic (DSM - 5)

A

Schizophrenia, Delusional disorder

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9
Q

Dissociative (DSM - 5)

A

DID, Dissociative amnesia w/ / w/o fugue

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10
Q

Somatic Symptom & associated (DSM - 5)

A

conversion disorder, somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder

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11
Q

Feeding & eating (DSM - 5)

A

Pica, Binge-eating, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa,

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12
Q

Neurodevelopment (DSM - 5)

A

attention deficit hyperactive disorder, Autism spectrum Disorder, Tourettes, Fluency disorder

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13
Q

DSM 5 Categories

A

anxiety
depressive
trauma & stress
bipolar
obsessive-compulsion
schizophrenic
dissociative
somatic symptom
feeding & eating
neurodevelopment

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14
Q

Psychological disorder

A

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition/ emotion, regulation/ behavior

Disturbed thoughts, emotions, behaviors: maladaptive/dysfunctional & interfere w/ life

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15
Q

3000 B.C.E(stone age) psych disorders

A

Trephining: believed in cutting holes into skull of a living person to release demons & curing mental disorders

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16
Q

19th century reformers for psych disorders

A

Philippe Pinel - France opposed brutal treatments & under Pinel’s influence, hospitals sponsored patient dances, called “lunatic balls”

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17
Q

DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION

A

transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community based facilities that emphasize outpatient care

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18
Q

Neuro-developmental disorders

A

caused by unusual brain development, brain damage, / any brain abnormality

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19
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

characterized by atypical: behaviors, speech, interests, thought patterns, & interpersonal interactions

PPL w/ ASD have a difficult time interpreting social cues and may prefer routine over spontaneity

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20
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A

ADHD = marked by
Extreme inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity

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21
Q

Intellectual Disabilities

A

Having an IQ below 70 = often some intellectual disability causes:

limitations in learning
Hard time solving problems
Difficulty communicating
Lack of many skills needed for everyday life

Global Developmental Development Delay
Language Disorder
Speech Sound Disorder
Social Communication Disorder (combines expressive and mixed receptive – expressive language disorders)

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22
Q

Specific Learning Disorders

A

combines the diagnosis of reading, mathematics disorders & disorder of written expression

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23
Q

Motor Disorders

A

Developmental Coordination Disorder
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Tic Disorders
Tourette’s Disorder
Persistent (Chronic) Motor / Vocal Tic Disorder
Provisional Tic Disorder

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24
Q

Schizophrenia **

A

a psychiatric disorder - impacts an individual’s perception of reality.

During a psychotic episode, people may experience delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, diminished/inappropriate emotional expression

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25
Q

Acute Schizophrenia

A

developed rapidly after a stress period

ppl w/ this variant = more positive symptoms and are responsive to therapy, so recovery is possible

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26
Q

Chronic Schizophrenia

A

slow & develops over time.
Ppl w/ chronic schizophrenia = negative symptom

Recovery is doubtful. Negative symptoms remove from a person’s personality

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27
Q

Positive & Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms:
Hallucinations , talk in disorganized/deluded ways, exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, rage

Negative symptoms:
Absence of emotion in voice, expressionless faces, unmoving mute/rigid bodies

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28
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, / perceptions,ex: seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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29
Q

Delusions

A

a false belief, often of persecution / grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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30
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

when a person experiences a depressed mood & loss of interest for a long, sustained time period

Depression usually occurs after a loss, unmotivated

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31
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

characterized by fluctuating mood swings between depression & mania/ hypomania. (Mania = marked by a hyperactive state that can be euphoric)

During a manic episode, an individual may = more impulsive, irritable, hyperactive, energetic, prone to reckless behavior

can experience depression

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32
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety / maladaptive(dysfunctional) behaviors that reduce anxiety

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33
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

intense fear and avoidance of social situations (formerly called social phobia)

anxiety caused by most social interactions. ppl w/ disorder fear rejection, embarrassment/ judgment

may result in agoraphobia

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34
Q

Agoraphobia

A

a type of anxiety disorder that involves a FEAR OF:

being in situations where it might be difficult/embarrassing to escape/ get help in the event of a panic attack (avoid public places)

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35
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

a person is continually tense, apprehensive, & in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

consistent anxiety of worst-case scenario situations abt any ongoing event

Bc constant anxiety(6 months +) - they have hard time sleeping, depressed, jittery, agitated

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36
Q

Panic disorder

A

a mix of physiological & fear-based anxiety

often includes unpredictable panic attacks w/ physical symptoms & terror

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37
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Trauma-rooted anxiety disorder
may have triggers that provoke anxiety / flashbacks from a traumatic event in the past

Intrusive thoughts & emotions stemming from these previous events may be present, causing a disruption in daily functioning

Usually survivors of accidents, assaults, & war experience extreme PTSD & cannot overcome their past traumas, the greater their trauma, the higher the risk for PTSD

38
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

(a person feels extreme, exaggerated anxiety about physical symptoms)

(Formerly called somatoform disorder)

39
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

a person experiences specific physical symptoms for no reason

A person may lose function somewhere & it makes no physiological sense (ex: unexplained blindness, paralysis)

40
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease (formerly hypochondriasis)

41
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

disruption causing inconsistencies in consciousness

A person may have memory loss or a complete change in identity

42
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

(not knowing who you are, perhaps accompanied by travel / relocation to a new place)

a sudden loss of memory or change in identity bc stress

43
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Most commonly rooted in trauma

alternate personalities are used to cope when the stress &/ pain is too intense

very rare and those with DID have 2/+, completely diff personalities

44
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Inflexible & enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

10 disorders in DSM-5 tend to form 3 clusters characterized by anxiety, eccentric behavior/dramatic/impulsive

45
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)

A

(eccentric) - A

Irrational fear, inability to trust others, often thinks in worst case scenario situations

46
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

(eccentric) - A

Detachment from emotions and relationships, little to no interest in any social interaction

47
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

(eccentric)

eccentric &/or erratic thought, behavioral, and speech patterns, delusions may be present

48
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

A

(dramatic/impulsive) - B

Lack of empathy, manipulators, lack of conscience

49
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A

dramatic/impulsive) - B

Extreme emotional swings & perceptions of the world, impulsive behavior

50
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)

A

(dramatic/impulsive) - B

obsessive need to be the center of attention, ppl-pleasing

51
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD)

A

(anxiety) - C

Low self-esteem, avoidance of social interactions, afraid of rejection & criticism

52
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)

A

(anxiety) - C

abandonment issues, anxiety when alone, afraid of rejection & criticism

53
Q

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A

(anxiety) - C

Obsessions & compulsions abt perfectionism, unable to notice any problems present

54
Q

Eating disorders

A

disordered eating patterns

patterns can be caused by body image issues, an inability to regulate hunger, diseased conditions, / difficulty with sensory input.

55
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

a somatic condition characterized by body image issues, starvation/ restriction of food, unhealthy obsessions & compulsions regarding weight, & malnutrition

ppl w/ anorexia usually maintain a starvation diet even though they are underweight. They continue to feel overweight

56
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

body image issues, but w/ diff disordered eating patterns

cycles of binge eating & purging in order to lose weight

Weight loss patterns for bulimics tend to widely fluctuate due to the inconsistent nature of food consumption

After having any meal and binge eating, bulimics force themselves to purge.

bc fluctuating weight, bulimia is very hard to detect visibly.

throw up repeatedly -> tend to have yellowed teeth

57
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

hunger regulation is low / nonexistent due to issues in the hypothalamus
binge-eat & then feel guilty or disgusted shortly after

Instead of eating & stop eating when full, those with binge eating disorders eat non-stop for a “binge episode” without regard to being full or not

58
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

hunger regulation is low / nonexistent due to issues in the hypothalamus
binge-eat & then feel guilty or disgusted shortly after

Instead of eating & stop eating when full, those with binge eating disorders eat non-stop for a “binge episode” without regard to being full or not

59
Q

Eclectic approach to psychotherapy

A

Uses techniques from various forms of therapy (blends & combine techniques)

Ex: a therapist may use dream interpretation /free association during sessions (psychoanalytic), but also help you to change your flawed / faulty thinking patterns (cognitive)

60
Q

What is a phobia?

A

Irrational & excessive fears of particular stimuli (heights)

61
Q

What is a Fetish?

A

A condition - arousal / sexual gratification is attained thru inanimate objects

62
Q

Behavioral perspective & disorder treatment

A

identifying learned behaviors & using conditioning / reinforcement for corrections

Counterconditioning
exposure therapy & systematic desensitization
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
Behavior modification

63
Q

Counterconditioning

A

using classical conditioning to create new conditioned responses

64
Q

Mary Jones & Systemic Desensitization

A

introduced exposure therapy & systematic desensitization

(includes pairing a stimulus of fear w/ relaxation techniques & conditioning the subject to associate the stimulus w/ relaxation rather than fear)

uses hierarchies of anxiety stimuli

65
Q

Virtual reality exposure therapy

A

When anxiety is too difficult to recreate w/ systematic desensitization

therapists may use virtual reality exposure therapy to help their patients interact w/ stimuli

66
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

Counter conditioning that associates something unpleasant w/ unwanted behavior.

Ex: substance use disorders are very difficult to beat. If one uses aversive conditioning to condition nausea with alcohol, the client will, eventually, no longer be inclined to drink alcohol

67
Q

Behavior modification

A

therapists encourage wanted behaviors w/ reinforcement & discourage negative behaviors

68
Q

Cognitive perspective & disorder treatment

A

emphasis on current thoughts, behaviors, etc

thinking “colors” our feelings, so we must think differently to develop positive, normalized feelings

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- challenges people to think otherwise & enables healthier behaviors. Think of REBT as reserving irrational beliefs.

69
Q

Humanistic perspective & disorder treatment

A

provides more individualism in treatment planning than other approaches

non-deterministic approach by Carl Rogers states that humans are innately good & can change

Client-centered talk therapy = primary treatment method

unconditional postiive regard

70
Q

Client-centered talk therapy

A

focuses on helping them reach self-actualization (present & future)

focuses on promoting active listening in an accepting, genuine, & empathic environ. Don’t forget unconditional positive regard!

71
Q

Psychodynamic perspective & disorder treatment

A

behavior is influenced by unconscious motives through the id, superego, & ego

fast therapy & providing immediate relief through understanding feelings and learning about yourself. Rather than thinking about the past, they focus on current relationships

Freud believed that unconscious, uncontrollable urges & motivations lead to disorders & irrational thinking

72
Q

Psychodynamic focused on…

A

Bringing unconscious thoughts into awareness, providing an insight into where the disorder may be coming from. This gets rid of the disorder from the inside

Using free association, Freud would look for mental blocks (stopping mid-thought to prevent saying something or changing the subject), which show resistance

began to interpret why these blocks existed.

eventually patient = more open & comfortable, expressing feelings with no problem (whether negative/positive).

When the patient did this, Freud would think they are transferring thoughts experienced in the past into the present. This then provides insight to complete the cycle

73
Q

Cognitive-behavioral perspective & disorder treatment

A

primary type of therapy used in this approach due to its combo of perspectives

most widely practiced therapies & most successful. It aims to change the way someone thinks & acts

learn that their negative thoughts are irrational & begin to replace them with a positive way of thinking

CBT works with anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and anorexia.

74
Q

Sociocultural perspective & disorder treatment

A

contextualizes personal development w/ in societal expectations & norms

The psychology of an individual is heavily shaped by those factors + interactions between other people & cultures

75
Q

Biological Psychology of treatment

A

medication is utilized

Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, & other disorders may be caused by a mixture of previously listed factors & a chemical imbalance

76
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

study of drugs on the mind & on our behavior = 1 treatment method (ex: Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs)

77
Q

Antidepressants

A

used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD

78
Q

anti-anxiety drugs

A

used to treat anxiety disorders

79
Q

mood stabilizers

A

help those w/ bipolar disorder

80
Q

antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs

A

help treat people w/ disorders like schizophrenia

81
Q

Individual Treatment Method

A

can widely vary depending on approach

always a 1-on-1 client-centered setting w/ various areas that can be improved

Main downside = any interpersonal techniques may be hard to practice, because no one else is present

82
Q

Group Treatment Method

A

support-centric, helps patients feel less isolated in their problems

Great for developing interpersonal & other social skills while costing less and providing more progress

may be hard for individuals who prefer to keep their issues out of the public eye

83
Q

Rational-Emotive Treatment Method

A

serves to rationalize, contextualize, & identify negative feelings & associated patterns

Thoughts are placed in diff contexts & reframed in attempts to correct/replace certain patterns

Major downside = deeply rooted issues take time to undo

84
Q

Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic Treatment Method

A

Reduce anxiety through self-insight
Interpret patients’ memories & feelings

85
Q

Client-centered Treatment Method

A

HUMANISTIC

Enable growth via unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.

Listen actively and reflect clients’ feelings.

86
Q

Cognitive Treatment Method

A

Promotes healthier thinking and self-talk.

train people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions

87
Q

Behavioral Treatment Method

A

Relearn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problem ones.

Use classical conditioning or operant conditioning

88
Q

Cognitive-behavioral Treatment Method

A

Promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors

Train ppl to counter self-harmful thoughts and to act out their new ways of thinking

89
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

severely depressed, client would be given an anesthetic & then brief electric currents would be sent to their brain

90
Q

repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A

usually used for those with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) / depression. It is similar to ECT, but instead of electric currents, magnetic energy is sent to the brain.

magnetic currents either stimulate / suppress activity in brain, & it is very painless and quick

AP Psych (10 decks)

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