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AP Psych > Unit 7: JUST Personality > Flashcards

Unit 7: JUST Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

his psychoanalytic theory proposed that childhood and unconscious motivations influence personality

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2
Q

Personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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3
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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4
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts & actions to unconscious motives and conflicts;

techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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5
Q

unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories.

info processing we are unaware of

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6
Q

Free Association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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7
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive drives

id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

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8
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, & reality.

ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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9
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

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10
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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11
Q

oral stage

A

(0-18 months) pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

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12
Q

Anal stage

A

(18-26 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination: coping with demands for control

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12
Q

Anal stage

A

(18-26 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination: coping with demands for control

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13
Q

phalic stage

A

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

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14
Q

Latent stage

A

(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sex feelings

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15
Q

Genital Stage

A

(adulthood) maturation of sex interests

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16
Q

Oedipus complex

A

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

can be coped thru identification w/ father

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17
Q

arrested development

A

failure to develop beyond a particular point of development

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18
Q

identification

A

children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos (FREUD)

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19
Q

Fixation

A

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved (FREUD)

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20
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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21
Q

Displacement

A

defense mechanism that shifts sexual / aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable / less threatening object / person,

as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

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22
Q

Sublimation

A

defense mechanism

people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.

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23
Q

reaction formation

A

defense mechanism

ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

ppl may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

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24
Q

Regression

A

defense mechanism

individual faced w/ anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Acting like a younger age when anxiety was not experienced.

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25
Q

Rationalization

A

defense mechanism

offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

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26
Q

Projection

A

defense mechanism

ppl disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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27
Q

difference between projection and displacement

A

projection = when a person credits others for their own undesirable impulses,

while displacement is releasing aggressive impulses toward a less threatening outlet

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28
Q

Repression

A

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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29
Q

incomplete repression

A

an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the unconscious mind

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30
Q

Denial

A

Defense mechanism

ppl refuse to believe / even to perceive painful realities.

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31
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of “inferiority complex” and stressed the importance of birth order (believed personality = function of birth order)

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32
Q

Strive for superiority

A

according to Adler, tendency is a result of a need to compensate for our feelings of inferiority.

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33
Q

Inferiority Complex

A

a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source

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34
Q

Karen Horney

A

offered feminist critique of Freud’s theory

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35
Q

Penis envy

A

Freud, the female desire to have a penis - a condition that usually results in their attraction to males

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36
Q

womb envy

A

Horney’s comment than men are likely to feel womb envy because they are unable to bear children

37
Q

object relations

A

modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

38
Q

Carl Jung

A

neo-Freudian who created concept of “collective unconscious” and wrote books on dream interpretation

39
Q

personal unconscious

A

Jung’s term for that portion of the unconscious, consists of painful memories & thoughts a person doesn’t want to confront

40
Q

collective unconscious

A

concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history (archetypes)

41
Q

Archetypes

A

Jung’s - thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious

42
Q

animus/anima

A

biological & psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

43
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

44
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings & interests thru the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

provides a VALID and reliable map of ppls implicit motives

45
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach

seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Critics argue that only few of many Rorschach-derived scores, ex: for cognitive impairment /thought disorder, have demonstrated reliability and validity

46
Q

Personality inventory

A

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings & behaviors;

used to assess selected personality traits.

47
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

Originally developed to identify EMOTIONAL DISORDERS (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

48
Q

terror management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional & behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

49
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Humanistic psychologist known for his “Hierarchy of Needs” and the concept of “self-actualization”

50
Q

humanistic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

51
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality

52
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

53
Q

congruence

A

state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

54
Q

incongruence

A

the discrepancy between our self concept and reality

55
Q

actualizing tendency

A

Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming

56
Q

conditions of worth

A

Rogers, the conditions we think we must meet in order for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard.

57
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

58
Q

conditional positive regard

A

positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

59
Q

Trait

A

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories & peer reports

60
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion

61
Q

PEN model of personality

A

Eyesneck theorized that there’re 3 different source traits determined by biology

psychoticism: a measure of nonconformity or social deviance

extraversion: a measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation

neuroticism: a measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations (emotional stability)

62
Q

Intraversion

A

A person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person

63
Q

Extraversion

A

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

64
Q

Paul Costa & Robert McCrae

A

came up with the big 5 factor trait, a theory that there are 5 major factors (personality traits):

🧠Openness: open to new experiences, related to ones creativity, flexible thinking
📅Consciousness: dimensions of hard work, responsibility, and organization
💭Agreeableness: easy to get along with others, shows empathy
🗣️Extroversion: Outgoingness; a shy person would have low extraversion
😰Neuroticism: emotional stability; people with high neuroticism might be nervous, depressed, anxious

65
Q

Openness

A

Do you like change? Can you adapt to it?

Low score: practical, prefers routine, comforting
High score: imaginative, prefers variety, independent

66
Q

Consciousness:

A

Are you organized and careful?

Low score: disorganized, careless, impulsive
High score: organized, careful, disciplined

67
Q

Agreeableness:

A

How well do you get along with others?

Low score: ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative
High score: soft-hearted, trusting, helpful

68
Q

Extroversion

A

Are you shy or outgoing?

Low score: retiring, sober, reserved
High score: sociable, affectionate, fun-loving

69
Q

Neuroticism

A

Are you anxious often?

Low score: calm, secure, self-satisfied
High score: anxious, insecure, self-pitying

70
Q

emperically derived test

A

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

71
Q

Gordon Allport

A

trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary

72
Q

social cognitive theory

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

73
Q

Cardinal traits

A

Traits that are characteristics that direct most of the person’s activities and organizes their life (the person’s dominant traits that influence all of our behaviors)

74
Q

central traits

A

traits that represent major characteristics of a person

75
Q

secondary traits

A

traits that are more preferences/attitudes

76
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

77
Q

surface trait

A

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

78
Q

source trait

A

a characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality

79
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Reciprocal Determinism;

believed that personality can change depending on one’s thoughts, environment, & behavior

80
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

81
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

82
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

83
Q

Julien Rotter

A

External & Internal Locus of control

84
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

85
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

86
Q

Expectancy Theory

A

ppl will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

87
Q

hazel markus

A

claimed that we use self-schemas (traits) to define ourselves

88
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

89
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably, makes excuses

AP Psych (10 decks)

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