Unit 4: Learning Flashcards
Albert Bandura
Observational learning /Social learning
learn social behaviors mostly thru observation & cognitive processing of info, rather than thru direct experience
learning to anticipate the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else (vicarious conditioning(reinforcement/punishment aka observational learning)
Famous bobo doll experiment that revealed children modeling behavior in adults (specifically aggression toward the doll)
Bobo Doll Experiment by Albert Bandura
revealed children modeling behavior in adults (specifically aggression toward the doll)
children are able to learn social behavior ex: aggression thru observation learning, ( watching the behavior of another person - adults)
children viewed a film of an adult violently hitting an inflatable “Bobo” doll and were allowed to play with the doll. The children then showed aggression towards the doll
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
Shared belief w/ watson that basic laws of learning = same for all organisms
Robert Rescorla
Cognitive elements of Classical Conditioning
Found animals can learn the predictability of an event thru trials
Developed contingency model
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning / Vicarious conditioning
Operant chamber on rats to test roles of reinforcement & punishment
Edward Thorndike
CREATED Law of Effect
Rewarded behavior tends to recur/ punished behavior is less likely to recur
Edward Tolman
Latent Learning: learning only apparent if theres a motivation/incentive to show it
Showed cognitive map in rats (mental representation layout of one’s environ)
John B. Watson
Behaviorism
Objective science off observable behavior
Shared belief w/ Pavlov that basic laws of learning = same for all organisms
John Garcia
Researched Taste Aversion (a learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness)
Insight Learning
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution (contrasts w/ strategy-based solutions)
A type of learning that occurs by suddenly understanding how to solve a problem rather than by trial and error
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive/motivation to demonstrate it
(more to learning then associating a response w/ a consequence; there is cognition)
Intrinsic Motivation
desire to perform behavior effectively for one’s own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards/avoid threatened punishment
Social Learning (observational learning)
process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others (learn w/o direct experience)
Learning by observing/modeling others
Emotional Learning
innate ability to be sensitive and have healthy relationships
How emotions / emotional state affect cognitive processes, (ex: memory formation & retrieval)
Taste Aversion
a learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness
An active dislike for a particular food, developed thru conditioning
Superstitious Behavior
a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary
Learned Helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.
The learned inability to overcome obstacles / avoid punishment
Acquisition
classical conditioning ->
When a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned.
(initital stage) one links a neural stimulus w/ an unconditioned stimulus so NS triggers conditioned response
Learning to pair CS to UCS
Extinction
classical conditioning ->
Diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an UCS does not follow a CS
The cease of a learned response, usually resulting from an end to conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
(CC) the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
Generalization
(CC) Once response = conditioned, tendency for similar stimulus to CS to elicit a similar response
Respond the same to stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus
ex: if u hear a bell u will jump so then if u hear a ringing noise u will also jump
Higher-order conditioning (cc) / second-order conditioning
procedure, conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience = paired w/ a new neural stimulus, creating a 2nd (often weaker) conditioned stimulus,
ex: animal learns a bell predicts food, might learn a light predicts the bell, & begin responding to light alone
Discrimination
(CC) learned ability to distinguish between CS and similar stimulus that don’t signal a UCS
only responding to one thing
Unconditioned Stimulus
in classical conditioning something that unconditionally; naturally & automatically triggers a response
A stimulus capable of reflexively evoking a response
Unconditioned Response
(CC) the unlearned & naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (ex; dog salivating to food)
A reflexive response produced by an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that does not produce a reflexive response, evokes no response before conditioning
Conditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus that produces a conditioned response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
A learned response produced by a conditioned stimulus paired w/ UCS
Classical Conditioning / Associative learning
We link 2 /2+ stimuli, 1st stimulus (a bell) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food)
A method of learning that creates new associations between neutral stimuli and reflex-causing stimuli (UCS)
Observational / Social learning
A form of learning that occurs by watching the behaviors of others
learn w/o direct experience by watching/imitating others (modeling)
Mirror Neurons
frontal lobe neurons, believed to fire when we perform certain actions / observe others performing certain actions
brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation & empathy
observational learning
Modeling
the process of observing & imitating a specific behavior
Prosocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
opposite of antisocial behavior
Antisocial Behavior
negative behavior
Operant Conditioning
Behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer / less likely to recur if followed by punishment
method of learning that alters the frequency of a behavior by manipulating its consequences through reinforcement or punishment
Respondent Behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Law Of Effect
principle: behaviors followed by favorable consequences = more likely
but behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences = less likely
Operant chamber
a chamber aka Skinner box, containing a bar / key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food / water reinforcer,
w/ attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
Shaping
Procedure: reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of desired behavior
Reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Discriminitive Stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a response after association w/ reinforcement (contrasts related stimuli not associated w/ reinforcement)
a stimulus, increases the probability of a response because of a previous history of differential reinforcement in the presence of that stimulus
For ex: if a pigeon’s key pecks are reinforced when the key is illuminated red but not when the key is green, the red stimulus will come to serve as an SD and the pigeon will learn to peck only when the key is red.
signals that a response will be reinforced
Primary Reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus ex: one that satisfies biological need (water, food, shelter, self-esteem)
Conditioned / Secondary Reinforcer
stimulus, gains reinforcing power thru association w/ primary reinforcer (ex: money, toys)
Positive Reinforcement
Any pleasant stimulus rewarded after a desired behavior (ex: pet a dog that comes when u call it)
Increasing behavior by presenting positive reinforcers (anystimulus that when presented after a response, STRENGTHENS the response)
Negative Reinforcement
increasing a behavior by stopping/reducing an unpleasant stimulus. (ex: taking painkillers to end pain)
Any unpleasant stimulus that when removed after a response, STRENGTHENS the response(not punishment)
Positive Punishment
a stimulus u dony like (aversive stimulus, ex: a slap)
Negative Punishment
taking away rewarding stimulus (ex: taking away ur phone)
Reinforcement Schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Continuous reinforcement schedule (OC)
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule (OC)
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement
Fixed ratio (OC)
KNOW exactly after SPECIFIC NUMBER of RESPONSES = reward/reinforcement (consistent)
Fixed interval (OC)
KNOW reinforcement/reward happens after a SPECIFIC TIME elapses (consistent)
Variable ratio (OC)
DONT know when reinforcement/reward is going to come after UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER of RESPONSES
Variable interval (OC)
DONT know when reinforcement/reward is going to happen after an UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER of TIME
Biofeedback
The electronic monitoring of autonomic functions (like heart rate, blood pressure, or stress responses) for the purpose of bringing those functions under partially voluntary control
Systematic desensitization
A behavior modification technique that attempts to treat phobias through planned exposure to fearful stimuli
Aversion therapy
A process of behavior modification that works by associating an undesirable habitual behavior with an aversive stimulus
Higher-order conditioning (cc) / second-order conditioning
procedure, conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience = paired w/ a new neural stimulus, creating a 2nd (often weaker) conditioned stimulus,
ex: animal learns a bell predicts food, might learn a light predicts the bell, & begin responding to light alone
