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AP Psych > Unit 4: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 4: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observational learning /Social learning

learn social behaviors mostly thru observation & cognitive processing of info, rather than thru direct experience

learning to anticipate the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else (vicarious conditioning(reinforcement/punishment aka observational learning)

Famous bobo doll experiment that revealed children modeling behavior in adults (specifically aggression toward the doll)

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2
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment by Albert Bandura

A

revealed children modeling behavior in adults (specifically aggression toward the doll)

children are able to learn social behavior ex: aggression thru observation learning, ( watching the behavior of another person - adults)

children viewed a film of an adult violently hitting an inflatable “Bobo” doll and were allowed to play with the doll. The children then showed aggression towards the doll

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3
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical Conditioning

Shared belief w/ watson that basic laws of learning = same for all organisms

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4
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

Cognitive elements of Classical Conditioning

Found animals can learn the predictability of an event thru trials

Developed contingency model

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5
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operant conditioning / Vicarious conditioning

Operant chamber on rats to test roles of reinforcement & punishment

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6
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

CREATED Law of Effect

Rewarded behavior tends to recur/ punished behavior is less likely to recur

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7
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Latent Learning: learning only apparent if theres a motivation/incentive to show it

Showed cognitive map in rats (mental representation layout of one’s environ)

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8
Q

John B. Watson

A

Behaviorism
Objective science off observable behavior

Shared belief w/ Pavlov that basic laws of learning = same for all organisms

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9
Q

John Garcia

A

Researched Taste Aversion (a learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness)

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10
Q

Insight Learning

A

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution (contrasts w/ strategy-based solutions)

A type of learning that occurs by suddenly understanding how to solve a problem rather than by trial and error

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11
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive/motivation to demonstrate it

(more to learning then associating a response w/ a consequence; there is cognition)

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12
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

desire to perform behavior effectively for one’s own sake

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13
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards/avoid threatened punishment

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14
Q

Social Learning (observational learning)

A

process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others (learn w/o direct experience)

Learning by observing/modeling others

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15
Q

Emotional Learning

A

innate ability to be sensitive and have healthy relationships

How emotions / emotional state affect cognitive processes, (ex: memory formation & retrieval)

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16
Q

Taste Aversion

A

a learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness

An active dislike for a particular food, developed thru conditioning

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17
Q

Superstitious Behavior

A

a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary

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18
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

The learned inability to overcome obstacles / avoid punishment

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19
Q

Acquisition

A

classical conditioning ->
When a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned.

(initital stage) one links a neural stimulus w/ an unconditioned stimulus so NS triggers conditioned response

Learning to pair CS to UCS

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20
Q

Extinction

A

classical conditioning ->

Diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an UCS does not follow a CS

The cease of a learned response, usually resulting from an end to conditioning

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21
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

(CC) the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

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22
Q

Generalization

A

(CC) Once response = conditioned, tendency for similar stimulus to CS to elicit a similar response

Respond the same to stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus

ex: if u hear a bell u will jump so then if u hear a ringing noise u will also jump

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23
Q

Higher-order conditioning (cc) / second-order conditioning

A

procedure, conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience = paired w/ a new neural stimulus, creating a 2nd (often weaker) conditioned stimulus,

ex: animal learns a bell predicts food, might learn a light predicts the bell, & begin responding to light alone

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24
Q

Discrimination

A

(CC) learned ability to distinguish between CS and similar stimulus that don’t signal a UCS

only responding to one thing

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25
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

in classical conditioning something that unconditionally; naturally & automatically triggers a response

A stimulus capable of reflexively evoking a response

26
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

(CC) the unlearned & naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (ex; dog salivating to food)

A reflexive response produced by an unconditioned stimulus

27
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus that does not produce a reflexive response, evokes no response before conditioning

28
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A neutral stimulus that produces a conditioned response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

29
Q

Conditioned Response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

A learned response produced by a conditioned stimulus paired w/ UCS

30
Q

Classical Conditioning / Associative learning

A

We link 2 /2+ stimuli, 1st stimulus (a bell) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food)

A method of learning that creates new associations between neutral stimuli and reflex-causing stimuli (UCS)

31
Q

Observational / Social learning

A

A form of learning that occurs by watching the behaviors of others

learn w/o direct experience by watching/imitating others (modeling)

32
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons, believed to fire when we perform certain actions / observe others performing certain actions

brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation & empathy

observational learning

33
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing & imitating a specific behavior

34
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

opposite of antisocial behavior

35
Q

Antisocial Behavior

A

negative behavior

36
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer / less likely to recur if followed by punishment

method of learning that alters the frequency of a behavior by manipulating its consequences through reinforcement or punishment

37
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

38
Q

Law Of Effect

A

principle: behaviors followed by favorable consequences = more likely

but behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences = less likely

39
Q

Operant chamber

A

a chamber aka Skinner box, containing a bar / key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food / water reinforcer,
w/ attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

40
Q

Shaping

A

Procedure: reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of desired behavior

41
Q

Reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

42
Q

Punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

43
Q

Discriminitive Stimulus

A

A stimulus that elicits a response after association w/ reinforcement (contrasts related stimuli not associated w/ reinforcement)

a stimulus, increases the probability of a response because of a previous history of differential reinforcement in the presence of that stimulus

For ex: if a pigeon’s key pecks are reinforced when the key is illuminated red but not when the key is green, the red stimulus will come to serve as an SD and the pigeon will learn to peck only when the key is red.

signals that a response will be reinforced

44
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus ex: one that satisfies biological need (water, food, shelter, self-esteem)

45
Q

Conditioned / Secondary Reinforcer

A

stimulus, gains reinforcing power thru association w/ primary reinforcer (ex: money, toys)

46
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Any pleasant stimulus rewarded after a desired behavior (ex: pet a dog that comes when u call it)

Increasing behavior by presenting positive reinforcers (anystimulus that when presented after a response, STRENGTHENS the response)

47
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

increasing a behavior by stopping/reducing an unpleasant stimulus. (ex: taking painkillers to end pain)

Any unpleasant stimulus that when removed after a response, STRENGTHENS the response(not punishment)

48
Q

Positive Punishment

A

a stimulus u dony like (aversive stimulus, ex: a slap)

49
Q

Negative Punishment

A

taking away rewarding stimulus (ex: taking away ur phone)

50
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

51
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule (OC)

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

52
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule (OC)

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

53
Q

Fixed ratio (OC)

A

KNOW exactly after SPECIFIC NUMBER of RESPONSES = reward/reinforcement (consistent)

54
Q

Fixed interval (OC)

A

KNOW reinforcement/reward happens after a SPECIFIC TIME elapses (consistent)

55
Q

Variable ratio (OC)

A

DONT know when reinforcement/reward is going to come after UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER of RESPONSES

56
Q

Variable interval (OC)

A

DONT know when reinforcement/reward is going to happen after an UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER of TIME

57
Q

Biofeedback

A

The electronic monitoring of autonomic functions (like heart rate, blood pressure, or stress responses) for the purpose of bringing those functions under partially voluntary control

58
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A behavior modification technique that attempts to treat phobias through planned exposure to fearful stimuli

59
Q

Aversion therapy

A

A process of behavior modification that works by associating an undesirable habitual behavior with an aversive stimulus

60
Q

Higher-order conditioning (cc) / second-order conditioning

A

procedure, conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience = paired w/ a new neural stimulus, creating a 2nd (often weaker) conditioned stimulus,

ex: animal learns a bell predicts food, might learn a light predicts the bell, & begin responding to light alone

AP Psych (10 decks)

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