Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > Unit 6: Developmental > Flashcards

Unit 6: Developmental Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Physical & cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

In severe cases: signs = small, out of proportion head & abnormal face features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Erickson’s ….

A

stages of psych development

each stage in life has its own psychological issue that must be encountered & resolved

Trust Vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs shame & doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Competence vs inferiority
Identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs despair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trust Vs. Mistrust

A

(infancy: birth - 1 yr)
Believed that securely attached children approach life w/ a sense of basic trust (a sense the world is predictable/trustworthy formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w/ responsive caregivers )

If needs met, baby develops sense of basic trust

Feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autonomy vs shame & doubt

A

(toddlerhood - 1/3 yrs)

Toddler learns to exercise own will & do things for themself

Toilet training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

(preschool 1-3 yrs)
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks & be independent

Playing, pretending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Competence vs inferiority

A

(elementary school-puberty)

Child learns pleasure of applying themself to tasks, starting school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

(adolescence teen yrs - 20 yrs)

Teenager works to find sense of self, forms single identity

Puberty - importance of social relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

(20-40 yrs)

Young adults struggle to form close relationships & love

Young adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

(40-60yrs)

Adult discovers sense of contributing to world, or feels lack of purpose

Middle adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Integrity vs despair

A

(60yrs +)

Adults reflect on life, sense of satisfaction/failure

Late adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Kohlbergs…

A

levels of moral development

Occurs alongside cognitive development, can be accelerated, not everyone experiences each stage

pre-conventional morality
conventional morality
post-conventional morality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pre-conventional morality

A

(birth - 9yrs)

Self interest, “selfish morality,”
obey rules for rewards/to avoid punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conventional morality

A

(early adolescence, 10-14yrs)

“Social norms” stage,
obey laws & rules for social approval/social order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Post-conventional morality

A

(adolescence - adulthood)

Live moral imperatives
Actions show belief in basic rights & self-defined ETHICS principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Piaget’s…

A

stages of cognitive development

idea : intellectual progress reflects an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences

Maturing brain builds schemas(concept/mental holds into which we pour our experiences)

Schema: a concept/framework that organizes & interpreted info

Fixed distinct cannot be accelerated, necessity of biological maturation:

-> cognitive development = 4 stages which develop as we get older:
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

(birth - 2 yrs):

experiencing world thru senses & actions (looking, hearing, touching, grasping, object permanence, stranger anxiety)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pre-operational stage

A

(2 - 6/7 yrs): representing things w/ world & images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning (pretend play, egocentrism, animism, artificialism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

concrete operational stage

A

(7-11 yrs):

thinking logically abt concrete events; grasping concrete analogies & performing arithmetic operations

(conservation, mathematical transformations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

formal operational stage

A

(12 - adulthood)

reasoning abstractly (abstract logic, potential for mature & moral reasoning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Assimilation

A

(Piaget)

interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemas

1st we assimilate new experiences (interpret off own understandings (Schemas)

ex: a simple schema for dog, toddler may call everything w/ four legs a dog)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Accomodation

A

(Piaget)

After we assimilate info we accommodate: altering our current understandings (schemas ) to incorporate new info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Object permanence

A

(piaget)

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not being perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

(Piaget)

The fear of strangers that develops at around 8 months.

this is the age at which infants form schemas for familiar faces & cannot assimilate a new face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Harry Harlow’s study

A

realized that touch/affection is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

1 made of soft cloth but provided no food, the other was made of wire but provided nourishment from an attached baby bottle.

infant monkeys went to the wire mother only for food but preferred to spend their time w/ the soft, comforting cloth mother when they were not eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

A

Procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is place in an unfamiliar environ while their caregiver leaves & then returns & the child’s reactions are observed

60% infants show secure attachment: demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environ in caregiver’s presence, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves & finds comfort in their return

Other infants show insecure attachment: demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or avoidant attachment that resists closeness

Sensitive responsive mothers (noticed what babies were doing & responded appropriately = secure attachment )

Insensitive unresponsive mothers (attended to babies when they felt like it but ignored them at other times = insecure attachment)

26
Q

Motor development (in months)

A

Sitting (6months)
Crawling (6-8 months)
Start walking (12 months)
Walking independently (15 months)

27
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Impose rules & demand obedience

Children w/ less social skills & self esteem, & a brain that overreacts when they make mistakes

28
Q

Permissive parenting

A

Set few limits, make few demands, use little punishment

Children who are more aggressive & immature

29
Q

Negligent parenting

A

Careless inattentive & do not seek close relationship w/ their children

Children w/ poor academic & social outcomes

30
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

Set rules but allow open discussion & exceptions

Children w/ high self-esteem, self-reliance, self-regulation, social competence

31
Q

Rooting

A

baby moved toward stimulus ,

when corner of babys mouth is stroked /touched they will turn head towards & open their mouth toward stroking (lasts abt 4 months)

32
Q

Suckling

A

breastfeeding: ability to eat is important for survival,

when roof of babys mouth is touched they suck

33
Q

Grasping

A

grabbing tightly w/ hands: practicing movement & neural networks(lasts till 5-6 months) (toes last til 9-12 months)

34
Q

Startle (moro)

A

in response to loud noise/sudden movement, baby throws back head, extends limbs & cries (lasts till 2 months)

35
Q

Plantar (babinski)

A

baby responds to heel rub by curving toes out - preparation for walking

36
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Research that compares ppl of diff ages a the same point in time

37
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research that follows & retests the same ppl over time
Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline

38
Q

Adulthood

A

Menopause: the time of natural stop of menstruation also refers to bio changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Alzheimer’s disease: a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques often w/ onset after 80 yrs & entailing a progressive decline in memory & cognitive abilities

Social clock
Culturally preferred timing of social events(marriage, kids, retirement)

39
Q

Menopause

A

the time of natural stop of menstruation also refers to bio changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

40
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques often w/ onset after 80 yrs & entailing a progressive decline in memory & cognitive abilities

41
Q

Social clock

A

Culturally preferred timing of social events(marriage, kids, retirement)

42
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

social development theory asserts that a child’s cognitive development & learning ability can be guided & mediated by their social interaction (parents & teachers provide temporary scaffold for children to step to higher learning

effective mentoring = children are developmentally ready to learn a new skill

lang is important in social mentoring -> building blocks of thinking + internalizing cult lang & relying on inner speech

scaffolding, culture-specific tools, private speech, Zone of Proximal Development

43
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

zone between what a child can & can’t do (what a child can do w/ help)

children learn best when their social environ presents them w/ something in their sweet spot (not too easy/too difficult)

44
Q

Scaffolding

A

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

45
Q

Giligans model of moral development

A

Gilligan’s has the same 3 levels of morality that kohlberg has, but she claims that each level is changed by a sense of SELF rather than changes in cognitive abilities.

46
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social learning theory

emphasizes observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, & emotional reactions of others.

considers how both environ & cognitive factors interact to influence human learning & behavior

observational learning

47
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Pillar Theory emphasizes a child’s behavior is associated w/ parenting styles (4) as they grow & interact w/ new people

48
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called IMPRINTING

49
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychosexual Development theory (5 stages)

personality development in childhood takes place during 5 psychosexual stages -> oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

each stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body

stressed that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of adult personality. ID must be controlled in order to satisfy social demands; this sets up a conflict between frustrated wishes & social norms.

EGo & SUPEREGO develop in order to exercise this control and direct the need for gratification into socially acceptable channels. Gratification centers in different areas of the body at different stages of growth, making the conflict at each stage psychosexual.

50
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

believed that Köhlberg’s work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys AND girls;

adaption of kohlbergs theory of moral development (feminist perspective)

girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles

51
Q

How did Vygotsky & Piaget differ?

A

Piaget = interact w/ physical environ (children need to build a mental model of the surrounding world)

Vygotsky = importance of social interaction w/ peers to develop complex thinking

52
Q

Germinal Stage

A

Before this… cells began to differentiate into specializations (structure & function)

(after 10 days - 2 weeks of development)

zygote (fertilized egg) attaches to mothers uterine wall

zygotes inner cells become the embryo (developing human organism abt 2 weeks after fertilization) outer cells become placenta (life link transfers nutrients & oxygen to embryo

53
Q

Habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation

as infants gain familiarity w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes & they look away sooner

54
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge as you get older (more skills)

55
Q

fluid intelligence

A

can u reason abstractly, solving logic puzzles, decreases w/ age

56
Q

Theory Of Mind

A

ppls ideas about their own & others mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts & the behaviors these might predict

57
Q

conservation

A

principle (piaget concrete operational)
properties ex: mass, volume & number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects

58
Q

egocentrism

A

(piaget preoperational) childs difficulty taking another persons view

59
Q

temperament

A

a persons characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity

60
Q

what is the difference between erikson & piaget?

A

Erikson focuses on the self & social orientation

Piaget focuses on the child’s abilities & senses

AP Psych (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions