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AP Psych > Unit 1: Foundations & Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 1: Foundations & Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Created psychoanalytical (how unconsciousness/childhood experiences impact behavior

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2
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

-1st female president of American Psych Association
-Pioneering memory researcher

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3
Q

Charles Darwin

A

-Evolutionary theorist
-influenced James in the idea of FUNCTIONALISM

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4
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

-reformer, led way to humane treatment of psych disorders

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5
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

-Wundt’s American student

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6
Q

William James

A

-influence from Darwin (FUNCTIONALISM)
-principles of psych/Harvard teaching
-

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

-study of learning, study on getting dogs to drool

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8
Q

Jean Piaget

A

-DEVELOPMENTAL
-theory of cognitive development

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9
Q

Carl Rodgers

A

-humanistic (personal growth potential)

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10
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

-BEHAVIORISM (study of observable behavior)

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11
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

-1st female psych PhD (doctor of philosophy) & 2nd APA President
-Animal Mind Book

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12
Q

John B. Watson

A

-BEHAVIORISM

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13
Q

Wilheim Wundt

A

-Created 1st Psych lab

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14
Q

Structuralism

A

-used introspection(look inward) to reveal human mind structure, report experience elements
-proved unreliable (varied results + too subjective)

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15
Q

Functionalism

A

-how mental/behavioral processes function & enable organisms to adapt, survive, flourish

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16
Q

Early Behaviorism

A

Psych = only studied in objective observations (behavior due to reinforcement (award/punishment) & measurements

-thoughts & hidden parts of mind = irrelevant (behavior w/o mental processes) {not rly agreed upon}

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17
Q

Gestalt

A

-organized whole, emphasized tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

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18
Q

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

A

-how unconscious drives & conflicts influence behavior/uses info to treat psych disorders (unconscious = role in everything)

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19
Q

Humanistic

A

-emphasized human growth, potential
-rejected behaviorist def. (too limiting)

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20
Q

Evolutionary Approach

A

-shifting in behavior & mind, uses natural selection(survival of the fittest) principles

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21
Q

Biological Approach

A

-links between biological(genetic, neural, hormonal) & psych processes

-body & brain = dominant influencers of behavior/thinking

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22
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

-mental processes, when we: perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, solve problems. z
-links between brain activity & cognitive processes

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23
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

-incorporates: bio, psych, social culture viewpoints
-more focused theoretical predictions
-each itself = incomplete (all off a way of looking at mental/behavioral positions).

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24
Q

Socioculture

A

-how situations/cultures affect behavior.thinking
-might explore how anger expressions vary culturally

25
Q

Different Domains of Psych - Biological

A

-study link between brain & mind in behavior regulations
-How the body and brain enables emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with the environment to influence individual differences

26
Q

Clinical

A

-treat disorders & behavioral/emotional problems
-interview clients, testing, group/individual therapy

-Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

27
Q

Cognitive

A

-focus on mental processes involved in perception, learning, memory, & thinking

-How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

28
Q

Counseling

A

-assist ppl with problems in living (ex: school, work, marriage) & greater well-being

29
Q

Development

A

-study our changes from birth to death
-Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

30
Q

Educational

A

-how psych processes affect & enhance teaching/learning

31
Q

Experimental

A

uses experimental methods to study issues
-pure science that conducts research in order to contribute more knowledge to the field

32
Q

Industrial - Organizational

A

-advise business on how to improve workers & raise efficiency

-Uses psychology’s concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems

33
Q

Personality

A

-study our traits (behavior consistency (thinking, feeling, and acting) + what represent shapes/personality)

34
Q

Psychometric

A

-study of abilities, attitudes, traits (measurement of behavior, capability thru tests)
-closely tied to experimental psychology

35
Q

Social

A

-how we interact in groups (inter painful behavior & social forces in governing behavior)

-how we think about, influence, and relate to one another; studies influence of groups on a person’s thinking and behavior and how the groups to which we belong influence our attitudes

36
Q

Positive

A

-human flourishing goals: discovering/promoting strengths & values that help ppl thrive

  • strengths and values that enable individuals and communities to thrive - field is founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and to enhance their experiences in love, work, and play; study of happiness and how to make people and communities happier
37
Q

Research Methods (types) - Experiments

A

-how doe we determine if 1 variable has a direct effect on another
-can isolate cause & effect, control factors (manipulation) of the factor(s) of interest, hold constant (controlling) factors

purpose: to observe/determine effects on behavior/mental process

strength: can determine cause & effect

weakness: 1) potential ethical issues 2) artificial environ creates low realism

38
Q

Correlational Studies

A

purpose: measures how much 2 factors vary & how well either factor predicts the other

strength: 1) easier to conduct 2) can be used when an experiment is not possible

weakness: cannot determine cause & effect

-helps predict but does NOT imply cause & effect

39
Q

Survey & Research

A
  • looks at many cases at once, word effects, random samplings -> representative sample at random

purpose: obtains self-reported attitudes/behavior of a particular group

strength: 1) cost-effective 2) most reliable

weakness: 1) low response rates 2) can’t verify individual response accuracy

40
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

-describes behavior does NOT explain behavior (most accurate) observes group w/o them knowing

purpose: obtains self-reported attitudes/behavior of a particular group

strengths: natural setting = more reliable than lab

weakness: ppl behave diff when they know they’re being watched` 2) Hawthorne effect = 2 researchers could see same behavior but draw diff conclusions (subjective)

41
Q

Case Studies

A

-suggests further study, cannot discern general truths (does not apply to everyone)

purpose: individual group of rare circumstances = studied to reveal universal principles

strengths: provides detailed info

weakness: 1) cannot generalize results wider population 2) difficult to replicate 3) time-consuming

42
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

purpose: follows & retests same ppl over time

strengths: 1) can show effects of changes over time 2) more powerful than cross-sectional studies

weakness: 1) requires lots of time 2) expensive

43
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

purpose: compares ppl of diff ages at the same time point

strength: 1) quick & easy to conduct 2) generalizable results

weakness: 1) difficult to find pop that differs by only 1 factor 2) cannot measure changes over time

44
Q

Independent Variable

A

factor being manipulated to see its affects (studied)

45
Q

Dependent Variable

A

outcome that is measured and may change when IV is manipulated

46
Q

Control Group

A

group NOT exposed to treatment
contrasts w/ experimental group
comparison for evaluating treatments effect

47
Q

Confounding variable

A

a factor other than IV that may influence study’s results

48
Q

Experiments can be useful for determining cause & effect

A

given a cause and effect hypothesis, experiments can demonstrate results consistent w/ hypothesis

49
Q

The use of experimental controls reduces alternative explanations

A

prevents factors other those being studied from affecting the outcome

50
Q

Random assignment is needed to demonstrate cause & effect

A

only way to be sure abt cause & effect

51
Q

Correlational research can indicate if there is a relationship association between 2 variables but cannot demonstrate cause & effect

A

investigates relationships w/o researcher controlling/manipulating them

52
Q

Random Selection

A

selects members of a population for your study’s sample

53
Q

Random assignment

A

Study participants are assigned to experiment/treat control group using a random procedure

54
Q

Measures of Central tendency

A

mean(avg), median(middle-put all values in order first), mode(most)

55
Q

Variation (Range/Standard Deviation)

A

Standard d: computed measure of how much scores vary around mean score
Range: difference between highest & lowest scores in a distribution

56
Q

Correlational Coefficient

A

statistical index of the relationship between 2 things

57
Q

Frequency distribution (normal, bimodal, pos/neg skew)

A

Bimodal: probability distribution w/ 2 modes (local max & min)
Normal: theoretical, continuous, symmetrical, bell-shaped, distribution function
Positive: distribution more peaked than usual
Negative: distribution = flatter than usual
Skew: presents scores that lack symmetry around their avg value

58
Q

Identify how ethical issues inform & constrain research practices

A

if it harms them mentally/psychically it could affect them for the rest of their lives thus researchers must ensure experiments are ethical

59
Q

How ethical & legal guidelines protect research participants/promote sound ethical practice

A

American Psych Association guidelines
Federal guidelines
Local Institution Review Board (IRB)
Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee

-informed consent
-debrief: researcher explains purpose behind study (after)
-deception(has to be included in debrief, being lied to for study/cannot harm *ok to an extent)
-confidentiality
-right to withdraw at any time

AP Psych (10 decks)

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