Unit 8 Flashcards
Traditional analyses of language focus on:
Structure
In contrast, Skinner’s analyses of language focus on:
function
Language develops as a result of ___ selection
cultural
Is it verbal behavior?
Talking
Yes
Is it verbal behavior?
Following directions
no
Is it verbal behavior?
Reading
Yes
Is it verbal behavior?
Pointing, waving, sign language
yes
Is it verbal behavior?
understanding
no
the one doing the communicating (talking, etc.)
speaker = verbal behavior
Speaker
the one doing the reinforcing – behaves in relation to what the speaker is saying
listener ≠ verbal behavior
Listener
Which of the following behaviors could be verbal?
A)Making coffee
B)Hitting others
C)Signing
D)Tantruming
Signing
A critical component of the definition of verbal behavior includes:
Mediated by a trained audience
The listener engages in verbal behavior.
T or F
false
_____ is a better term to describe the speaker, while _____ is a better term to describe the listener.
The verbalizer, the mediator
The audience is composed of ________ who belong to a trained verbal community
listeners
Also known as RECEPTIVE language
Reinforces the behavior of the speaker
Following directions, commands, etc.
Acting appropriately in response to speaker
listener behavior
When someone engages in a receptive response, she is considered a…
listener
Non-verbal behavior under the control of a verbal stimulus
Receptive language
Listener behavior or mediator behavior are better terms for:
Receptive language
Is this receptive language? Turning on the TV when asked.
yes
Is this receptive language? Nodding after hearing Jose ask, “do you understand?”
no
Is this receptive language? Pouring soda when you’re thirsty.
no
Is this receptive language? Pouring soda when someone asks you to.
yes
Response looks the same, but what is selected indicates difference.
Examples: pointing to pictures, handing objects, etc
selection based
What is said is different, what is written differs, what is gestured, etc
Each response LOOKS different.
Examples: writing, signing, talking
topography based
Selection-based or Topography-based? I tell you I want french fries, not tater tots.
Topography-based
Selection-based or Topography-based?
You show me a picture of milk and a picture of juice. I point to the picture of milk.
Selection-based
Selection-based or Topography-based?
(If this were verbal behavior) I click on a link on a website
Selection-based
Selection-based or Topography-based?
I write my answer to the test question.
Topography-based
Selection-based or Topography-based?
Sign Language:
Topography-based
A higher-order operant response class Evoke behavior that has not been shaped or maintained by environmental contingencies Can become insensitive to environmental contingencies Rules alter the function of other stimuli
rule governed behavior
Behavior acquired via immediate reinforcement contingencies
Behavior is learned through shaping and maintained by coming into contact with environmental events
Contingency-Shaped Behavior
Alison didn’t study for a test and as a result, received a bad grade. After that incident, Alison began to study before every test and she received a good grade every time she did. Now Alison always studies for tests. Her studying behavior is best conceptualized as:
Contingency-shaped behavior
Kim told Alison that if she swallows watermelon seeds, a plant will grow in her stomach. As a result, Alison never swallowed watermelon seeds and always spit them out. Alison’s behavior is an example of:
Rule-governed behavior
true or false
Rule-governed behavior is under the control of antecedent verbal stimuli known as rules.
true
true or false
Rule-governed behavior is maintained by the specific environmental contingencies specified in the rule .
false
true or false
Rule-governed behavior is a type of higher order operant response class .
true
Not ALL responses are verbal behavior
motor imitation refers to imitation of NON-verbal non-vocal responses while mimetic refers to imitation of VERBAL non-vocal responses
.
It occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the response.
CAT
- - -
CAT
Point-to-point Correspondence
They (a) share the same sense mode (visual, auditory, tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other.
Formal similarity
A verbal response that has BOTH point-to-point correspondence AND formal similarity with the verbal stimulus that preceded it
Ex: echoic, mimetic, copying text (sound/ sound, verbal action/verbal action, written/written)
Duplicate
Duplic
A verbal response that has point-to-point correspondence BUT NOT formal similarity with the verbal stimulus that preceded it
Ex: reading out loud, dictating (written/speech, speech/written)
Code
Codic
a verbal response that is evoked by a verbal stimulus and has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the verbal stimulus that evoked it
duplic
Is this a duplic? Saying “bless you” after someone sneezes
no
Is this a duplic? Saying, “bless you” after hearing someone say, “bless you”
yes
Is this a duplic? Writing “bless you” after seeing the text “bless you”
yes
a verbal response that is evoked by a verbal stimulus and has point-to-point correspondence but NO formal similarity with the verbal stimulus that evoked it
codic
Is this a codic? Saying “bless you” after hearing someone else say “bless you”
no
Is this a codic? Saying “bless you” after hearing someone sneeze.
no
Is this a codic? Saying “bless you” after seeing the words “bless you” written on a tissue box
yes
Controlled by motivational variables
Reinforcer is generally what was asked for
A request, command, demand, greeting, question, etc.
mand
Antecedent is a nonverbal stimulus
Can tact an object, action, relation (bigger, closer), feature, function, class, location (in, on, under)
Contact
tact
Antecedent is a verbal stimulus
NO point-to-point correspondence
May or may not have the same modality
Comprises most of conversational language
Examples (intraverbal relation is in PURPLE)
Translations from another language
(stimulus: “water”, response: “aqua”)
Fill-in the blanks
(stimulus: “A… B… C… D”, response: “E… F… G…”)
Answers to questions
(stimulus: “who is the president?”, response “Obama”; stimulus: “what is 2+2?”, response: “four”
Word associations
(stimulus: “cat”, response: “dog”)
intraverbal
The strength of a single response may be, and usually is, a function of more than one variable…
multiple control
Which of the following is not an elementary verbal operant?
A)Echoic
B)A duplic
C)Verb
D)An Intraverbal
Verb
I say “popcorn” as a result of smelling popcorn, and as a result of being deprived of food. This is an example of:
multiple control
true or false
You can tact words.
false
Which of the following is an example of a tact? I say “Watson” when….
A)I want him to stop chewing on my shoes
B)I come home and see him
C)I see his name on his name tag
D)Someone asks me what is my dog’s name
B)I come home and see him
A tact is maintained by…
Generalized conditioned social reinforcer
Which verbal operant is under the control of an establishing operation for reinforcement?
mands
Which of the following is a duplic response?
A)Motor imitation
B)Echoic
C)Intraverbal
D)Taking dictation
B)Echoic
Select the example of the mimetic:
A)Signing, “cat” as a result of seeing your classmate sign, “Sniffy”
B)Finger spelling “cat” as a result of seeing your classmate finger spell “cat”
C)Crossing your arms as a result of seeing your classmate cross her arms
D)Finger spelling, “cat” as a result of seeing the written word, “cat”
B)Finger spelling “cat” as a result of seeing your classmate finger spell “cat”
A verbal response that is evoked by a verbal stimulus and has point-to-point correspondence but NO formal similarity with the verbal stimulus that evoked it:
codic
As a result of seeing a mouse, you say “gross”
tact
As a result of discovering that your keys are missing, you say, “where are my keys?”
mand
A verbal response under the control of a non-verbal stimulus is a:
tact
As a result of hearing Jose say, “gato”, you say, “cat”:
intraverbal
Saying the same thing someone else just said (echoic), copying text, and signing what you see someone else sign (mimetic) are all examples of:
duplic
A verbal response that is evoked by a verbal stimulus and has no point-to-point correspondence and no formal similarity is:
intraverbal
As a result of seeing a stop sign, you hit the brakes
receptive
As a result of hearing, “write your name”, you write, “write your name”
codic
As a result of hearing, “write your name”, you say “write your name”
duplic
