Unit 4 Flashcards
Operant behavior is under the control of:
A)Antecedents only
B)Conditioned stimuli
C)Antecedents and consequences
D)Consequences only
C)Antecedents and consequences
Radical behaviorism made the science of behavior complete by extending the analysis to all of the following areas except…
A)The behavior of the scientist
B)Verbal behavior
C)Analysis of hallucinations
D)Private events
C)Analysis of hallucinations
Which of the following is an example of operant behavior? A) Thinking B)A reflex response C)None of the above D)All of the above
A) Thinking
Bob was walking down the road and saw a downed power line. He didn’t know what it was so he picked it up to look at it. When he touched the line, he received a huge shock! In the future, he never touched wires laying on the ground. This decrease in his reaching out behavior in the presence of wires is best conceptualized as:
A)Operant reinforcement B)Operant behavior C)Respondent behavior D)Respondent extinction
B)Operant behavior
Operant selection always occurs:
A)During the lifetime of an individual organism
B)Throughout a long period of time and many generations
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above
A)During the lifetime of an individual organism
When you see someone who is chewing gum, and you ask for a piece, you generally get one. If you see someone who is not chewing gum, and you ask for gum, you generally don’t get any. What type of contingency does this represent?
S-R-S
Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions +
law of effect.
Who discovered the law of effect (that organisms can learn through consequences)?
Thorndike
An environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior
Reinforcement
An environmental change that follows a response and which decreases the future frequency of that behavior
Punishment
Reinforcement increases or ______ the future frequency of that behavior.
maintains
You don’t have to understand it for it to work!
We are sensitive to contingencies whether we can verbally state them or not.
Automaticity of Reinforcement
Which of the following is NOT a critical attribute of reinforcement?
A) The stimulus change is contingent on the response
B) The stimulus change comes within a few minutes after the response
C) The stimulus change is something a person likes, regardless of the long term effect
D) B and C
D) B and C
Reinforce _______ not the _________
behavior;
organism
What is the correct way to use the term reinforcement?
A)Sandra reinforced Sam
B)Sandra reinforced Sam buying her flowers
C)Sandra’s contingent kisses reinforced Sam buying her flowers
D)All of these are correct ways to use the term reinforcement
C)Sandra’s contingent kisses reinforced Sam buying her flowers
A stimulus that is reinforcing without any prior learning; due to phylogenic provenance.
Food, water, and sexual stimulation are examples
unconditioned/primary consequences
A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or strongly conditioned reinforcers; due to ontogenic provenance.
conditioned consequences
Stimuli are added to the environment (something is presented, turned on, increased, etc.)
positive consequences
Stimuli are withdrawn or removed from the environment (something is removed, turned off, decreased, etc.)
negative consequences
Rob used to eat salmon whenever it was available. One day he ate bad salmon and made him very sick. The taste of salmon was paired with the sick feeling, and now, eating salmon (which results in the taste of salmon) has decreased to low levels. The taste of salmon now functions as:
A)Unconditioned Punisher
B)Conditioned Punisher
C)Unconditioned Negative Reinforcer
D)Conditioned Negative Reinforcer
B)Conditioned Punisher
How is a punisher conditioned?
pairing
Select the unconditioned punisher:
A)You stay out all night and your boyfriend breaks up with you
B)You turn in a report late and your boss yells at you
C)You kick a wall and break your toe
D)You leave your keys on the door and someone steals your car
C)You kick a wall and break your toe
An antecedent irritant or aversive must exist for….
negative reinforcement
Which of the following is NOT a conditioned reinforcer?
A)A thermostat
B)An electric blanket
C)A space heater
D)Returning to normal temperature when you put on your jacket outside in the winter
D)Returning to normal temperature when you put on your jacket outside in the winter
Conditioned reinforcers and conditioned punishers are types of conditioned stimuli.
True or false?
false
_____ consequences
May be proprioceptive feedback produced by the response itself
The behavior itself just produces the environmental event.
automatic
____ consequences
Someone else provides the consequence
May occur inadvertently or may be planned
socially mediated
Reinforcement/Punishment: Future frequency of behavior (did it increase or decrease)
Unconditioned/Conditioned: Was the consequence conditioned through pairing?
Positive/Negative: Was the consequence (stimulus) added or removed?
Automatic/Socially Mediated: Did the bx directly produce the consequence, or did it involve the behavior of another organism?
.
Mommy takes her baby to the store. Baby starts crying. Mommy gets a cookie from the bakery and gives it to the baby. Baby stops crying. Next time they are in the store, baby starts crying again and Mommy gives the cookie again. The baby’s crying was maintained by:
Socially Mediated Positive Reinforcement
Mommy takes her baby to the store. Baby starts crying. Mommy gets a cookie from the bakery and gives it to the baby. Baby stops crying. Next time they are in the store, baby starts crying again and Mommy gives the cookie again. The mom’s bx was maintained by:
Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement
I enter a dark room, fumble for a switch, flip it and the light turns on. In the future, when I enter this room (and it is dark), I flip on the switch. (switch flipping increases).
A. Positive Reinforcement B. Negative Reinforcement C. Positive Punishment D. Negative Punishment E. NOT reinforcement/punishment
Positive Reinforcement
Johnny asks for a cookie politely, and his mother gives him a cookie.
A) Positive Reinforcement B) Negative Reinforcement C) Positive Punishment D) Negative Punishment E) NOT reinforcement/punishment
E) NOT reinforcement/punishment
My eye twitches. I place my finger on my eyelid, and it stops. My rate of placing my finger on my eye when it twitches has increased over the past week.
A. Socially Mediated Positive Reinforcement
B. Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement
C. Automatic Positive Reinforcement
D. Automatic Negative Reinforcement
E. NOT reinforcement
D. Automatic Negative Reinforcement
Your daughter says, “cat,” when she sees a cat. You immediately praise her and say, “good job!” In the future, she continues labeling cats when she sees them. The effect that praise had on labeling cats illustrates:
A)Unconditioned negative reinforcement
B)Unconditioned positive reinforcement
C)Conditioned negative reinforcement
D)Conditioned positive reinforcement
D)Conditioned positive reinforcement
A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors.
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
“Grandma’s law”: If you eat your vegetables, you can eat dessert.
If access to a high probability behavior is made contingent upon a low probability behavior, then the likelihood of the low probability will increase.
IOW, you can use access to a
preferred activity to reinforce a
non-preferred activity.
Premack principle
_______ behavior terminates an aversive stimulus
Aversive stimulus is present.
escape
_______ behavior terminates a warning stimulus
Aversive stimulus hasn’t happened yet!
Avoidance
TIME-OUT is a procedure- it is negative punishment, it means TIME OUT FROM ______—
positive reinforcement
A delayed and semi-permanent decrease in the rate of responding as a result of discontinuing reinforcement
extinction
the behavior, immediately and temporarily will increase in frequency, duration, and intensity before it decreases
extinction burst
Critical Attributes of Extinction:
Bx has to have been previously __________
Reinforcement has to be _______ every time bx occurs
Bx has to be _________
reinforced;
witheld;
weakened
The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment.
Recovery from Punishment
Whereas the behavior was previously followed by a punishing environmental change, in recovery, ______ happens when the response is emitted.
nothing
The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction
The behavior may re-occur at a later time in the same circumstances in which it was previously reinforced
Operant Spontaneous Recovery
Zachary was an aggressive little boy who would push girls on the playground during recess. Whenever he would push someone, his teacher would pull him away from the playground for 5 minutes. Overtime, Zachary’s pushing behavior decreased. This exemplifies:
Time-out from positive reinforcement
Whenever Watson (my puppy) would chew on my new shoes, I’d yell at him. Biting shoes decreased in frequency. One day, my heel broke, and I couldn’t wear those shoes anymore; so I no longer yelled at Watson if he chewed on those shoes. Watson’s shoe chewing increased in frequency. This scenario exemplifies:
Recovery from punishment
I let my nephew go out and play after finishing his homework. He does his homework more often in the future. This exemplifies:
The Premack principle
Which of the following would NOT be a “generalized conditioned reinforcer”
A dollar bill
A candy bar
A Token
Praise
None, all are generalized conditioned Sr+
A candy bar
What is reinforcing under some circumstances may not always be reinforcing. Which of the following examples reflects this statement?
A)Tommy hates chocolate and will not work for chocolate
B)Tommy likes chocolate but it makes him sick, so it is not an effective reinforcer
C)Tommy loves to swim in the pool, and access to the pool is usually a reinforcer, but it is not a reinforcer during the winter when it is cold outside
D)All of the above
C)Tommy loves to swim in the pool, and access to the pool is usually a reinforcer, but it is not a reinforcer during the winter when it is cold outside
George is a pedophile. After his trial, he was put in state prison. Thus his behavior was put on extinction because it had no opportunity to earn reinforcement.
True or false
false
I call my best friend, Carla and she picks up the phone and says, “I’m so happy you called!” My rate of calling increases. This is an example of:
reinforcement
One day Carla stops answering my phone calls. At first I call her non stop but eventually, I stop calling. This is an example of:
extinction
One day I try calling her again and she picks up the phone and yells, “stop calling!” I don’t call again. This is an example of:
punishment
