Unit 2 Flashcards
_____ is a systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world…”
science
What kind of approach is science?
systematic
What is the basic strategy for gathering new information in science?
A)Replication
B)Experimentation
C)Investigation
D)Observation
Experimentation
What is the strategy by which information is deemed believable in science?
A)Replication
B)Philosophic doubt
C)Experimentation
D)Parsimony
Replication
Science is concerned mainly with gathering and organizing information about the world by means of:
A)Prediction and control
B)Investigation and experimentation
C) Description, prediction and control
D)Replication, experimentation, and control
C) Description, prediction and control
Which of the following is a goal of science?
A)Save the world
B)Replication and reliability
C)Development of a practical technology
D)Accuracy and validity
C)Development of a practical technology
Natural or social science?
Subject matter: empirical phenomena
Direct observation & measurement of phenomena or their permanent products
Manipulates specific independent variables while controlling extraneous factors
Natural science
Natural or social science?
Subject matter: hypothetical constructs outside of the natural realm
such as personality traits and attitudes
Indirect observation & measurement
E.g., intelligence (hypothetical construct) measured through IQ test
Controls variability with inferential statistics
Social science
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Behavior Analysis are examples of ______ science
natural
Psychology
Sociology
Political Science are examples of ____ science
social
What is the subject matter or behavior analysis
The study of functional relations between behavior and the environment.
The science of behavior analysis studies the ________ between behavior and the environment.
A)Functional relationship
B)Causal relationship
C) Behavioral relationship
D)Scientific relationship
A)Functional relationship
Philosophic Assumptions of Behavior Analysis (5)
Determinism Empiricism Parsimony Philosophic Doubt Pragmatism
Behavior is lawful. The universe is a lawful and orderly place. All phenomena occur as a result of other events. Behavior is a function of genetics and the environment.
Determinism
Behavior can be studied scientifically
Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest, behavior, with regard to behavioral dimensions.
Induction is used to derive scientific facts
empiricism
Two Elements of empiricism are
Experimentation
Replication
Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.
parsimony
Continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact
Scientific knowledge must always be viewed as tentative
philosophic doubt
Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.
In other words, it must be EFFECTIVE.
The pragmatic truth criterion evaluates science in terms of its products that benefit humanity
pragmatism
The universe is lawful. This statement best describes which of the philosophical assumptions of behavior analysis? A)Parsimony B)Pragmatism C)Empiricism D)Determinism
Determinism
The two elements of empiricism are:
C) Experimentation and replication
Simple explanations should be ruled out first
Parsimony
Conclusions are tentative.
philosophic doubt
The truth of particular theories in science can be assessed in terms of their successful practical applications.
pragmatism
I want to know why my puppy, Watson, cries when he’s in his crate. For 15 minutes, I immediately take him out of the crate whenever Watson cries. Then for the next 15 minutes, I give him a treat whenever he cries. I repeats this process and find that Watson cries more during those 15 minute periods when I take him out of the crate following his cries. This process most clearly represents which assumption of behavior analysis? A)Philosophic doubt B)Critical analysis C)Empiricism D)Parsimony
Empiricism
Selectionism is characterized by ________, interaction with _________, and differential _______ as a function of the interaction.
A)Variation; the behaver; the environment
B) Variation; the environment; replication
C)Evolution; a species; a culture
D)Skinner, Darwin, Watson
B) Variation; the environment; replication
Types of selectionism
natural selection
operant selection
cultural selection
All of the following are types of selectionism except:
A)Respondent selection
B)Natural selection
C)Operant selection
D)Cultural selection
A)Respondent selection
Which of the determinants of behavior directly relates to operant selection? A)Genetic history B)Phylogenic factors C)Learning history D)Current environment
C) learning history
The philosophy or world view underlying behavior analysis
Behaviorism
___ is the subject matter of our science
behavior
_______ Rejects as causal variables the “mind”, “will”, and “self” and other hypothetical constructs as explanatory fictions
behaviorism
Makes the science complete by extending the analysis to verbal behavior, private events like thinking, the behavior of the scientist, and all other forms of behavior
As opposed to Methodological Behaviorism
radical behaviorism
In behavior analysis, the “mind” is: A) Real B) Difficult to explain C) A hypothetical construct D) A motivational variable
A hypothetical construct
Skinner’s philosophy:
_____ behaviorism
radical
Radical behaviorism made the science of behavior complete by extending the analysis to all of the following areas except…
A)The behavior of the scientist
B)Verbal behavior
C)Respondent behavior
D)Private events
C) respondent behavior
Behaviorists focus on the relation between ________ and ________.
behavior; the environment
1) Inherited biological factors (phylogenic factors)
2) The organism’s experiential history with his or her environment (ontogenic factors)
3) The organism’s current environment
are ________ of behavior
determinants
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of behavior?
A)Past learning history
B)Current environmental conditions
C)The reinforcer that will be given
D)Genetic and organic variables
C)The reinforcer that will be given
Phylogenic means ____, while ontogenic means ______
Genetic/unlearned;
learning history/learned
When ducklings hatch, close proximity to their mother is a primary reinforcer. That’s not the case for newborn humans. This represents which determinant of behavior?
Genetic/phylogenic factors
1 Direct Observation 2 Repeated Measures 3 Graph Data 4 Manipulation of environmental events 5 Systematic Evaluation 6 Analysis and interpretation
basic operations of the science of behavior analysis
______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
can occur with or without words.
Learning
Nearness of events in time
Very important factor in learning. (S-S, R-S)
in a traffic light, there is contiguity between a yellow light and a red light
Contiguity
A dependency between events said to exist between events when one depends upon the other can be stated as an If-Then statement. Strongest: If and only if- Then
Contingency
S-S
R-S
S-R-S
are types of ______
contingencies
Concurrently presenting two stimuli.
Pairing
S-S
Pairing
Presenting, withdrawing, or withholding a stimulus
Withholding only makes sense if a stimulus has been presented in the past and now is withheld.
Consequential operations
R-S
Consequential operations
When a stimulus “signals” that a consequence will occur if a response is emitted in the presence of that stimulus.
Signaling
S-R-S
Signaling
What type of contingency? In order for a traffic light to turn from red to green, the green light on the other side has to turn red.
S-S
What type of contingency? If you put money in the soda machine, a soda comes out. If you don’t put money in the machine, a soda will not come out.
R-S
What type of contingency? When the soda machine is lit, and I put money in, I get Coke. If the soda machine is not lit, and I put money in, I cannot get a Coke.
S-R-S
The nearness of events in time
temporal contiguity
Which of the following contingencies will lead to pairing?
A)S1 – S1
B)S1 – S2
C)R1 – R2
D)S1 – R1
B)S1 – S2
When ______________ a contingency is said to exist.
One event depends upon another
When a consequence is dependent upon the occurrence of a particular response, this is referred to as _______ contingency
R-S
I’m clicker training my dog. Whenever I give him a treat, I first click the clicker (and then give him a treat). This exemplifies:
S-S contingency
Nicholas is the behaver. Nicholas brings Suzanna flowers. Suzanna immediately kisses him.
A) Pairing
B) Consequential Operation
C) Signaling
B) Consequential Operation
Laura says “good!” and immediately gives Jimmy a candy. She repeats this procedure several times. This is an example of…
A) Pairing
B) Consequential Operation
C) Signaling
A) Pairing
Leeann takes road trips to Disney. When she gets off the highway at an exit that says “Disney,” she arrives at Disney. When she gets off at an exit that says anything else, she doesn’t arrive at Disney.
A) Pairing
B) Consequential Operation
C) Signaling
C) Signaling
