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BEHP5011 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is a systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world…”

A

science

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2
Q

What kind of approach is science?

A

systematic

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3
Q

What is the basic strategy for gathering new information in science?
A)Replication

B)Experimentation
C)Investigation

D)Observation

A

Experimentation

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4
Q

What is the strategy by which information is deemed believable in science?
A)Replication

B)Philosophic doubt
C)Experimentation

D)Parsimony

A

Replication

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5
Q

Science is concerned mainly with gathering and organizing information about the world by means of:
A)Prediction and control
B)Investigation and experimentation

C) Description, prediction and control

D)Replication, experimentation, and control

A


C) Description, prediction and control

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6
Q

Which of the following is a goal of science?
A)Save the world

B)Replication and reliability
C)Development of a practical technology

D)Accuracy and validity

A

C)Development of a practical technology

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7
Q

Natural or social science?
Subject matter: empirical phenomena
Direct observation & measurement of phenomena or their permanent products
Manipulates specific independent variables while controlling extraneous factors

A

Natural science

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8
Q

Natural or social science?
Subject matter: hypothetical constructs outside of the natural realm
such as personality traits and attitudes
Indirect observation & measurement
E.g., intelligence (hypothetical construct) measured through IQ test
Controls variability with inferential statistics

A

Social science

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9
Q

Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Behavior Analysis are examples of ______ science

A

natural

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10
Q

Psychology
Sociology
Political Science are examples of ____ science

A

social

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11
Q

What is the subject matter or behavior analysis

A

The study of functional relations between behavior and the environment.

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12
Q

The science of behavior analysis studies the ________ between behavior and the environment.
A)Functional relationship
B)Causal relationship

C) Behavioral relationship
D)Scientific relationship

A

A)Functional relationship


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13
Q

Philosophic Assumptions of Behavior Analysis (5)

A 
Determinism
 Empiricism
Parsimony
 Philosophic Doubt
Pragmatism
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14
Q

Behavior is lawful. The universe is a lawful and orderly place. All phenomena occur as a result of other events. Behavior is a function of genetics and the environment.

A

Determinism

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15
Q

Behavior can be studied scientifically
Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest, behavior, with regard to behavioral dimensions.
Induction is used to derive scientific facts

A

empiricism

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16
Q

Two Elements of empiricism are

A

Experimentation

Replication

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17
Q

Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.

A

parsimony

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18
Q

Continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact
Scientific knowledge must always be viewed as tentative

A

philosophic doubt

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19
Q

Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.
In other words, it must be EFFECTIVE.
The pragmatic truth criterion evaluates science in terms of its products that benefit humanity

A

pragmatism

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20
Q 
The universe is lawful. This statement best describes which of the philosophical assumptions of behavior analysis?
A)Parsimony

B)Pragmatism

C)Empiricism

D)Determinism
A

Determinism

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21
Q

The two elements of empiricism are:

A

C) Experimentation and replication

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22
Q

Simple explanations should be ruled out first

A

Parsimony

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23
Q

Conclusions are tentative.

A

philosophic doubt

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24
Q

The truth of particular theories in science can be assessed in terms of their successful practical applications.

A

pragmatism

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25
Q 
I want to know why my puppy, Watson, cries when he’s in his crate. For 15 minutes, I immediately take him out of the crate whenever Watson cries. Then for the next 15 minutes, I give him a treat whenever he cries. I repeats this process and find that Watson cries more during those 15 minute periods when I take him out of the crate following his cries. This process most clearly represents which assumption of behavior analysis?
A)Philosophic doubt
B)Critical analysis
C)Empiricism
D)Parsimony
A

Empiricism

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26
Q

Selectionism is characterized by ________, interaction with _________, and differential _______ as a function of the interaction.
A)Variation; the behaver; the environment
B) Variation; the environment; replication
C)Evolution; a species; a culture
D)Skinner, Darwin, Watson

A

B) Variation; the environment; replication


27
Q

Types of selectionism

A

natural selection
operant selection
cultural selection

28
Q

All of the following are types of selectionism except:
A)Respondent selection
B)Natural selection

C)Operant selection

D)Cultural selection

A

A)Respondent selection

29
Q 
Which of the determinants of behavior directly relates to operant selection?
A)Genetic history
B)Phylogenic factors
C)Learning history
D)Current environment
A

C) learning history

30
Q

The philosophy or world view underlying behavior analysis

A

Behaviorism

31
Q

___ is the subject matter of our science

A

behavior

32
Q

_______ Rejects as causal variables the “mind”, “will”, and “self” and other hypothetical constructs as explanatory fictions

A

behaviorism

33
Q

Makes the science complete by extending the analysis to verbal behavior, private events like thinking, the behavior of the scientist, and all other forms of behavior
As opposed to Methodological Behaviorism

A

radical behaviorism

34
Q 
In behavior analysis, the “mind” is:
A) Real
B) Difficult to explain
C) A hypothetical construct
D) A motivational variable
A

A hypothetical construct

35
Q

Skinner’s philosophy:

_____ behaviorism

A

radical

36
Q

Radical behaviorism made the science of behavior complete by extending the analysis to all of the following areas except…
A)The behavior of the scientist
B)Verbal behavior
C)Respondent behavior
D)Private events

A

C) respondent behavior

37
Q

Behaviorists focus on the relation between ________ and ________.

A

behavior; the environment

38
Q

1) Inherited biological factors (phylogenic factors)
2) The organism’s experiential history with his or her environment (ontogenic factors)
3) The organism’s current environment

are ________ of behavior

A

determinants

39
Q

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of behavior?
A)Past learning history
B)Current environmental conditions

C)The reinforcer that will be given

D)Genetic and organic variables

A

C)The reinforcer that will be given

40
Q

Phylogenic means ____, while ontogenic means ______

A

Genetic/unlearned;

learning history/learned

41
Q

When ducklings hatch, close proximity to their mother is a primary reinforcer. That’s not the case for newborn humans. This represents which determinant of behavior?

A

Genetic/phylogenic factors

42
Q 
1 Direct Observation
2 Repeated Measures
3 Graph Data
4 Manipulation of environmental events
5 Systematic Evaluation
6 Analysis and interpretation
A

basic operations of the science of behavior analysis

43
Q

______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

can occur with or without words.

A

Learning

44
Q

Nearness of events in time
Very important factor in learning. (S-S, R-S)
in a traffic light, there is contiguity between a yellow light and a red light

A

Contiguity

45
Q 
A dependency between events
said to exist between events when one depends upon the other
can be stated as an If-Then statement.
Strongest:
If and only if- Then
A

Contingency

46
Q

S-S
R-S
S-R-S

are types of ______

A

contingencies

47
Q

Concurrently presenting two stimuli.

A

Pairing

48
Q

S-S

A

Pairing

49
Q

Presenting, withdrawing, or withholding a stimulus

Withholding only makes sense if a stimulus has been presented in the past and now is withheld.

A

Consequential operations

50
Q

R-S

A

Consequential operations

51
Q

When a stimulus “signals” that a consequence will occur if a response is emitted in the presence of that stimulus.

A

Signaling

52
Q

S-R-S

A

Signaling

53
Q

What type of contingency?
In order for a traffic light to turn from red to green, the green light on the other side has to turn red.


A

S-S

54
Q

What type of contingency?
If you put money in the soda machine, a soda comes out. If you don’t put money in the machine, a soda will not come out. 


A

R-S

55
Q

What type of contingency?
When the soda machine is lit, and I put money in, I get Coke. If the soda machine is not lit, and I put money in, I cannot get a Coke.

A

S-R-S

56
Q

The nearness of events in time

A

temporal contiguity

57
Q

Which of the following contingencies will lead to pairing?

A)S1 – S1
B)S1 – S2
C)R1 – R2
D)S1 – R1

A

B)S1 – S2

58
Q

When ______________ a contingency is said to exist.

A

One event depends upon another

59
Q

When a consequence is dependent upon the occurrence of a particular response, this is referred to as _______ contingency

A

R-S

60
Q

I’m clicker training my dog. Whenever I give him a treat, I first click the clicker (and then give him a treat). This exemplifies:

A

S-S contingency

61
Q

Nicholas is the behaver. Nicholas brings Suzanna flowers. Suzanna immediately kisses him.
A) Pairing
B) Consequential Operation
C) Signaling

A

B) Consequential Operation

62
Q

Laura says “good!” and immediately gives Jimmy a candy. She repeats this procedure several times. This is an example of…
A) Pairing
B) Consequential Operation
C) Signaling

A

A) Pairing

63
Q

Leeann takes road trips to Disney. When she gets off the highway at an exit that says “Disney,” she arrives at Disney. When she gets off at an exit that says anything else, she doesn’t arrive at Disney.
A) Pairing
B) Consequential Operation
C) Signaling

A

C) Signaling

BEHP5011 (9 decks)

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