Unit 7 Flashcards
Presentation evokes behavior that terminates it (CMO-R)
Offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset. (Negative Reinforcer)
Onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset. (Positive Punisher)
It may Elicit smooth muscle and gland responses. (US or CS)
aversive stimulus
Onset strengthens behavior that precedes its onset (positive reinforcer)
Offset weakens behavior that precedes its offset (Negative Punisher)
Abates behavior that removes it
It may Elicit smooth muscle and gland responses (US or CS)
Appetitive Stimulus
Which of the following is an aversive stimulus?
A)Establishing operation for negative punishment
B)Negative punisher
C)Positive reinforcer
D)Positive punisher
D)Positive punisher
An appetitive stimulus can evoke behavior that terminates it.
T or F
False
Its removal weakens behavior that removes it:
Appetitive Stimulus
Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset:
Aversive Stimulus
Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset, therefore it’s:
A)EO for negative reinforcement
B)SP+ or Sp+
C)SR- or Sr-
D)UE or CE
C)SR- or Sr-
Shock is an omnibus term.
T or F
false
Cheesecake elicits salivation, reinforces behavior that precedes its onset, its offset punishes behavior that precedes its offset, and it can establish its own removal as a form of punishment. Due to these different effects, cheesecake is:
A)A positive reinforcer
B)An appetitive stimulus
C)An aversive stimulus
D) An evocative stimulus
B)An appetitive stimulus
An unconditioned stimulus:
A) Elicits a conditioned response
B) Doesn’t have an effect on behavior
C) Is the stimulus part of an unconditioned reflex
D) Is a conditioned conditioner
C) Is the stimulus part of an unconditioned reflex
Complex behavior consisting of two or more discrete response components that occur in a definite order.
A specific sequence of responses, each associated with a particular stimulus condition.
The stimuli that occur between two responses in a chain are called links.
Behavior Chain
Any of the response CAN occur independently of the previous response
Any response may produce the terminal reinforcer
Any response may produce unconditioned reinforcers
Response Hierarchy
In a response class hierarchy, which response can result in the terminal reinforcer?
Any
In a behavior chain, which response can result in the terminal reinforcer?
Only the final
When my puppy needs to go outside, first he stands by the door. If I don’t open it, he then begins to scratch the door. If I still don’t open it, he begins to whimper and whine. This is an example of:
Response class hierarchy
In a behavior chain, the stimulus change produced by the first response functions as a(n)_________ for the second response.
SD
Which of the following is an example of a complex behavior which is completed by a behavior chain?
Sneezing
Hugging
Making a sandwich
Turning on the TV
Making a sandwich
Same as response generalization!
Induction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target topography
shaping
I’m teaching a child to say, “apple” when he wants an apple. At first, I gave him an apple when he said, “Ah.” Then I would give him an apple if he said, “Apa” (I no longer reinforced “Ah”). Finally, I stopped reinforcing “Apa,” and gave him an apple only when he said, “Apple.” This change in behavior is an example of
A)Discrimination training
B)Shaping across topographies
C)Shaping within topographies
D)Stimulus generalization
B)Shaping across topographies
Parameters of Reinforcement
Magnitude
Quantity
Duration
FR 1
Each and every single response that is emitted is reinforced
Reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs.
CRF
A schedule of non-reinforcement
Specifies that no occurrence of the behavior is ever reinforced.
Extinction
generally used to establish or strengthen behavior
Continuous reinforcement
used to maintain already established behavior.
Intermittent reinforcement
continuous reinforcement is _______ resistant to extinction
least
intermittent reinforcement is _______ resistant to extinction
most
The two schedules of reinforcement that serve as boundaries for all other schedules are:
CRF and Extinction
a rule that describes which responses will be followed by a reinforcer and which will not
A schedule of reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses
ratio
Reinforcement is delivered for the FIRST response after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement
interval
The number of responses, or amount of time, remains the same
Fixed ratio: every 3rd response, every 15th response, etc.
Fixed interval: the first response after 6 minutes have elapsed, every 10th day
fixed
Amount of time, or number of responses is random, but centers around a particular value
Variable ratio: about every 3rd response, on average every 15th response
Variable interval: the first response after an average of 6 minutes have elapsed
variable
Simple Intermittent Schedules
- Fixed Ratio (FR)
- Variable Ratio (VR)
- Fixed Interval (FI)
- Variable Interval (VI)
• Fixed Time (FT) • Variable Time (VT) Regardless of what they’re doing Non-contingent stimulus presentation Superstitious behavior- Skinner
time based schedules
A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reinforcement.
If not, the interval is re-started.
May lead to some increase in rate, but no change in pattern.
limited hold
An FI 4 schedule dictates that a reinforcer is delivered:
Every 4th minute
After every 4th response
For the first response after every 4th minute
About every 4th response
For the first response after an average of 4 minutes
For the first response after every 4th minute
My boyfriend is very clingy and calls me every 15 mins to see where I am. I got tired of his constant calls so now I answer the phone only if it has been a half hour since the last time we spoke.
Fixed Interval (FI 30)
I get mail every day but the mailman doesn’t always come at the same time. Checking my mailbox is on what schedule?
Variable Interval (VI)
Your favorite show is an hour long and comes on every day at 5. If you turn on your TV 23 hrs since you last saw your show, the show will be on. If you turn on your TV 24 hrs since you last saw your show, the show will not be on.
Fixed Interval w/limited hold
High rates, but post reinforcement pause. “All or nothing”
FR
Consistent & steady, very high rates
VR
Slow to moderate rates; post pause, then gradual acceleration - “scallop”
FI
Consistent & stable; low to moderate rates
VI
Produce unsteady responding
Responding tends to occur in a pause and burst pattern
Thinner the schedule, longer the pause
Post reinforcement pause
fixed schedules
Produce steady responding
Less pausing after reinforcement occurs
variable schedules
_____ schedules produce high rates of responding
ratio
_____ schedules produce low to moderate rates of responding
interval
If a ratio schedule is thinned too quickly, one gets ______
ratio strain
Which schedule of reinforcement will produce steady, high-rate behavior?
VR
Produces a “scalloped” pattern of responding:
FI
_______ require that a minimum number of responses occur in a given time period.
The criteria for reinforcement is set between the average baseline rate and the highest rate during baseline; but usually just slightly above the average baseline rate.
DRH schedules
In a DRH, the criteria for reinforcement is initially set…
Just above the average baseline rate
Bobby can do an average of 6 multiplication-table problems in 1 minute. His teacher will give him a star (a reinforcer) if he does 8 in one minute. What type of procedure is the teacher using
DRH
_____ schedules- are available at the same time, relates to matching law
concurrent
____ schedules- one schedule on, then off, then next schedule on; signaled! (stimulus control)
multiple
___ schedule- same as multiple, only no signal
mixed
without the signal, you’re all mixed up!
_____ schedule: meet first schedule, then signal, then meet next criteria, then reinforcement
Chained
____ schedule: Same as chained, but with no SDs!
Tandem
During ‘activity time’, students can play with blocks, or color, or read a book, or use the computer
Concurrent
During Math, Mr. Rogers reinforces hand raising on a CRF schedule. After math, Ms. Kelly comes in to teach Reading and reinforces hand raising on an interval schedule. Finally, after reading, Mr. Rogers comes back to teach Science.
Multiple
You’re doing laundry. First you put each piece of clothing in the washer machine (VR15). This results in the sight of an empty basket, and the sight of the full washer. Then you twist off the lid of the detergent (VR2). This results in an open container. Then you pour the soap in the washer (FR1)….
Chained
Brittany gets a phone call and now she must decide whether to stay home and watch True Blood or go out with her friends to the local bar. This scenario demonstrates a _____ schedule of Sr+.
Concurrent
Both the multiple & mixed schedules present alternating reinforcer schedules, but they differ in one major way. In the multiple schedule, there are clear and different ____, while in the mixed schedule there are not.
Establishing operations
Parameters of reinforcement
Conditioned stimuli present
Stimuli present which are associated with the different schedules
Stimuli present which are associated with the different schedules
Reinforcement schedule changes from VI 5 to an FR 3 without any stimulus change.
mixed
If rate of behavior decreases in one setting due to decreases in schedule of reinforcement (extinction), it may increase in another setting where NO change has been made or vice versa
behavioral contrast
A behavior analyst starts to provide in-home service for Clover, a very aggressive 7-year-old girl. The program works, and her aggressions go down in the home, but soon the school reports that she is becoming more aggressive there. She receives no ABA services at school. This increase in her aggression is most likely due to what effect?
Behavioral Contrast
I teach Watson to perform tricks (spin, walk backwards, crawl) in my kitchen. I’m later happy to see that he performs his tricks at the park and when I take him to my friend’s house! This exemplifies:
Stimulus generalization
Little Timmy says, “Daddy” when he sees his dad, his uncle, and his teacher. Saying “Daddy” only gets reinforced with praise when he says it when he sees his dad. Eventually, Little Timmy says, “Daddy” only when he sees his dad. This exemplifies:
Discrimination
If I clap my hands once, my lights will turn on. If I clap my hands twice, they will turn off. My lights will only turn off if the 2 claps are no more than a second apart. This closely resembles:
DRH – IRT
Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it:
Aversive Stimulus
Produces “all or none” pattern of responding; post-reinforcement pause followed by burst of responding
FR
Produces steady, low to moderate rate of responding
VI
What term refers to the multiple functions of a stimulus?
Omnibus term
Which of the following is an omnibus term?
Aversive Stimulus
Punisher
Shock
Motivating operation
Aversive Stimulus
_________ schedules are to chained schedules what mixed schedules are to ________ schedules.
Tandem, Multiple
DRH IRT schedules are similar to DRH, except the contingency governs times between successive responses as opposed to responses per unit of time.
.
The ______ law (Hernstein, 1961) states that organisms match relative rates of behavior to relative rates of reinforcement.
matching
________ is the rule which describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not.
A schedule of reinforcement
