Unit 8

Question 1

Trends related to human populations

Answer 1

-rate of population growth has been decreasing
-Human population growth is unevenly distributed
-Large number of people moving to urban areas

Question 2

Humans have degraded about —% of the earth’s ecosystem services

Answer 2

60

Question 3

How do you calculate doubling time?

Answer 3

70 / intrinsic growth rate

Question 4

What is the intrinsic growth rate represented by?

Answer 4

r

Question 5

Factors that affect birth/fertility rates

Answer 5

-importance of child labor
-the cost of raising children
cost of education
-availability of pension systems
urbanization
-education/employment for women
-average age at marriage
-birth control/healthcare
-religion/traditions/cultural beliefs

Question 6

Factors that affect death rates

Answer 6

-improvements in food supplies
-better sanitation
-water supplies
-medical advancements

Question 7

Pre-reproductive:
Reproductive:
Post-reproductive:
Seniors:

Answer 7

0-14
15-44
45+
65+

Question 8

Countries with rapidly decreasing population

Answer 8

-Japan
-Germany
-Italy
-South Korea
-Portugal
-Russia
-Thailand
-Hungary
-Bulgaria

Question 9

Age structure

Answer 9

percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) At each age level in a population

Question 10

CBR

Answer 10

Crude birth rate: annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

Question 11

CDR

Answer 11

Crude death rate: annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographical area at the midpoint of a given year.

Question 12

Cultural carrying capacity

Answer 12

the limit on population growth that would allow most people in an area or the world to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations

Question 13

Demographic transition

Answer 13

hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates.

Question 14

Environmental refugees

Answer 14

people who have to leave their homes and other countries because of water or food shortages, soil erosion, or some other form of environmental degradation.

Question 15

Family planning

Answer 15

providing informational clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

Question 16

Infant mortality rate

Answer 16

number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year who die before their first birthday.

Question 17

Life expectancy

Answer 17

average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Question 18

Migration

Answer 18

movement of people into or out of a specific geographic area.

Question 19

Population change

Answer 19

increase of decrease in the size of a population

Question 20

Replacement-level fertility rate

Answer 20

average number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. The average is 2.1 in the US and 2.5 in some developing countries.

Question 21

TFR

Answer 21

estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (14-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year.