POPULATION UNIT EXAM 2 Flashcards
Specialist species
organisms with a really narrow chihe, or a narrow set of food or habitat requirements
- Panda
- Advantaged in stable ecosystems
Generalist species
have a really broad ecological niche or range of food and habitat tolerance
- Can easily adapt
- Raccoons
- Advantages in changing environments
R-selected
capable of a really high population growth rate
- reach sexual maturity quickly
- Little to no parental care
- Produce large numbers of offspring
- High population growth rate
K-selective
typically live in populations that are at or near carrying capacity
- usually mammals
- Slow to reach sexual maturity
- Few offspring at a time
- Longer life spans
- High levels of parental care
Biotic potential
maximum number of offspring a species can produce in favorable condition
Survivorship
percentage of individuals of a given species that are still surviving at any point in the typical lifespan of that species
Overshoot
an increase above the carrying capacity
Die off
a decrease in a population when an overshoot happens
How do you find percent growth rate?
(CBR - CDR) / 10
How do you find the doubling time?
70 / r growth rate %
Rapid Growth on population pyramid
- Always will be seen as wide at the bottom to very narrow at the top.
- Shows a high birth rate and a shorter lifespan.
- This is usually seen in developing nations.
Slow growth in population pyramids
- The birth rate is still slightly higher than the death rate.
- It shows that the country is still growing, just not at a rapid rate.
Stable growth in population pyramids
- The birth and death rates are similar.
- It can be seen as a straight line.
- The growth rate is close to zero.
Declining in population pyramid
- The base is narrower than the top.
- The birth rate is declining while the average lifespan is increasing in a country.
Stage 1 of DTM
High Stationary Stage:
- Pre-Industrial life and mainly relies on farming
- The birth rate and death rate is high
- The natural rate of increase is close to zero
- No country is in this state
- Example: Indigenous groups in the Amazon
Stage 2 of DTM
Early Expanding Stage:
- Beginnings of industrialization
- Birth rate remains high
- The death rate starts to fall rapidly
- More access to food and vaccination
- The population increases rapidly
- Sees the emergence of grandparents
- Examples: Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, etc.
Stage 3 of DTM
Late Expanding Stage:
- Continuation of industrialization and a growing economy
- The birth rate starts to decrease but is still higher than the death rate
- The death rate continues to fall down at a slower rate
- The natural increase starts to slow down
- The population is still growing
- The country starts becoming industrialized
- Total fertility rate goes down
- Examples: Mexico, India, Colombia, South Africa, etc.
Stage 4 of DTM
Low Stationary Stage:
- The country is mainly industrialized
- The birth rates and death rates have become low
- The population of the country rises and then becomes stable
- Diseases of old age are to be worried in this stage
- Examples: China, Brazil, the United States, Argentina, etc.
Stage 5 of DTM
Natural Decrease Stage:
- The birth rate is decreasing
- The death rate is now higher than the birth rate
- The population of the country is now slowly declining
- Examples: Japan, Germany, Estonia, Ukraine, etc.
Uniform distribution
roughly equal space between each individual in the population
Clumped distribution
animals that form herds, or schools, or ods for protection from predators
