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AP Human Geography > unit 7 urban geography > Flashcards

unit 7 urban geography Flashcards

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1
Q

city

A

agglomeration of people and buildings that serves as a center of politics, culture, and economics

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2
Q

agricultural villages

A

first settlements of people, people were of the same status level and produced subsistence agriculture

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3
Q

first urban revolution

A

innovation of the city, occurred in 5 separate hearths: Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Huang He and Wei Valleys, Mesoamerica, Peru

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4
Q

characteristics of greek cities3

A
  • acropolis: high earth mound to put religious structures on (Parthenon)
  • agora: open market for commercial activity
  • theaters
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5
Q

Site:

A

the internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, spatial character and physical setting

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6
Q

situation

A

external locational attributes of a place, its relative/regional position with reference to other nonlocal places

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7
Q

second urban rev2

A
  • During the latter 1700s, Europe faced a dramatic wave of urbanization as it was hit with the Industrial Revolution after England where thousands to people moved to cities, influenced by second ag rev/ind rev
  • Transportation (rail) made getting resources faster/cheaper, so cities were able to move farther away from their resources (London)
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8
Q

trade area

A

the region where its influence is dominant (its newspapers are read, tv stations are watched)

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9
Q

rank-size rule

A

in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy,
nth largest city is 1/nth the size of the largest city (zipfs law)

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10
Q

primate city and pros and cons3

A
  • largest and most economically influential within the state, and the next largest is much smaller and less influential, most often found in former colonies-Manila, Philippines
  • Pros: large international cities(tourism, trade), large economy and economic influence, more job opportunities/large market, center for academic growth (agglomeration)
  • Cons: smaller cities are less developed, small cities have less access to global market, lack of investment in other cities, no national city, unequal economic distribution
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11
Q

central place theory2

A
  • Walter Christaller, explains how/where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another, shows hexagonal systems of cities
  • center of hexagons: high order cities, edges are medium/low order cities
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12
Q

older european cities4

A
  • core: no street pattern, low functional zonation–dense cluster of residential/retail/civic/religious structures.
  • Surrounding core: greater functional zonation and is less wealthy.
  • Suburbs: high functional zonation–can be commercial or residential
  • ethnic neighborhoods from colonial ties
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13
Q

galactic city

A

urban area where centrality functions are not significant (LA) where the edge city downtowns are bigger centers of economic activity

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14
Q

colonial city

A

urban areas where European transplants dominated the form of the city

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15
Q

indigenous city

A

city remote from globalizing influence

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16
Q

megacity2 and challenges1

A
  • rapidly growing cities in the developing world (Mumbai, Sao Paulo) with large populations, vast territory, and a strained/inadequate infrastructure, 10 million people or more
  • attract people from economic pull factor (more jobs)
  • challenges: clean sanitation, waste, transportation systems, providing electrical networks, health care, police
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17
Q

griffin ford model7

A
  • South American city
  • center is the CBD
  • commercial spine that extends to open plaza
  • Next to the spine are elite residences w strict zoning
  • Surrounding the CBD are zones of maturity and gentrification that attract middle class
  • Zone of situ accretion behind maturity zone-modest buildings, construction
  • Periphery-lowest income squatter settlements, no zoning laws
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18
Q

mcGee model4

A
  • Southeast Asia
  • core is the old colonial port zone, and different CBDs–government zone, Western commercial zone, Chinese commercial zone, etc extend outward from it
  • similar to the model of African Cities because both have hybrid structure between sectors and zones, elite residential sector with new suburbs, middle-income inner-city zone, and peripheral squatter settlements.
  • McGee model has a middle-income in suburban zone–> shows Southeast Asian cities have a larger middle class
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19
Q

african city2

A
  • 3 CBDs–former colonial CBD(most of the tall buildings), informal market (open air), and traditional (1 story with traditional architecture).
  • Most neighborhoods are separated by ethnicity and there is still manufacturing and mining near the city
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20
Q

gated communities2

A
  • fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles to create a space of safety within the urban world.
  • mostly been used for the wealthy in other countries, but also for the lower/middle class in the US to make crime ridden area (projects) more defensible and livable
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21
Q

functional zonation

A

division of a city into different regions/zones (industrial, residential) for certain purposes or functions (housing, manufacturing)

22
Q

suburbanization4

A
  • movement of upper/middle class people from urban core areas to surrounding outskirts in latter 1900s to 2000s
  • Farmland being transformed into suburbs, good soil being wasted
  • Families moving to suburbs to have more peaceful lifestyle
  • Some houses in suburbs are build like assembly line to make them all look the same so they are cheaper
23
Q

edge cities3

A
  • shifting focus of urbanization in the US away from CBD toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe, characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings
  • People in suburbs used to commute to city for work, now work in growing edge cities
  • Edge cities form near major highways, Companies are moving headquarters there to save money since no need to be in CBD bc of technology
24
Q

shantytowns/ squatter settlements7

A
  • unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and cardboard
  • Located in periphery of cities (except in US)
  • Happen when people from rural→ urban because of economic pull
  • Little to no zoning laws
  • In Europe: migrants come from former colonies
  • Lots of informal economy, gangs, crime
  • No infrastructure, water, electricity
25
Q

disamenity sector

A

barrios/favelas, very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords

26
Q

zoning laws

A

legal restrictions of land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas, in US: commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail or industrial use

27
Q

redlining

A

discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups(living in areas outlined by red lines) are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in white neighborhoods

28
Q

blockbusting

A

rapid change in racial composition of residential blocks in US cities, happens when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods and real estate agents profit through turnover of properties

29
Q

gentrification and positive and negative6

A
  • rehabilitation of deteriorated, abandoned housing of low-income inner-city resident
  • first artists, then childless couples, then families
  • Positive: more money into the neighborhood, neighborhood looks nicer and has more amenities/infrastructure, reduced crime,
  • Negative: neighborhood might become less diverse of some ethnic groups/social class
  • In Chicago: Logan Square, Humboldt Park, etc are all gentrifying, mainly from the development of the 606 as well as other things.
  • People are trying to fight back by helping the low income people in the neighborhood- strengthening schools, securing loans, job security and training.
30
Q

mcmansion

A

homes referred to as such because of their super size and similarity in appearance to other such homes, built in place of tear-downs in US suburbs

31
Q

urban sprawl

A

unrestricted growth in many US urban areas of housing, commercial development and roads over large expanses of land, little concern for urban planning. common now in the automobile era, because before cities expanded up (Boston) but now they expand out (houston)

32
Q

new urbanism characteristics7

A
  • walkable interconnected blocks and streets
  • diverse neighborhoods
  • housing, public spaces and shopping in close proximity to increase interaction and public life
  • Mixed housing/mixed-use buildings
  • Smart transportation
  • Higher quality of life as a result of all of the above
  • Sustainability- use of green energy and electric trains to reduce the use of cars.
33
Q

world cities

A
  • dominant cities in terms of their role in global political economy, not biggest city in terms of population or industrial output but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy
  • 10 alpha: NY, LA, Chi, London, Paris, Milan, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, 10 beta, 35 gamma
34
Q

evolution of US cities4

A
  • In US: areas part of original colonies had initial populations. People began moving west and south
  • Technology (planes/cars/air conditioning) was invented in 1900, population in Las Vegas/Miami/etc increased
  • Cities declined in Northeast from 1870-1960 because of deindustrialization of steel manufacturing
  • 4 periods of US urban growth: Sail-Wagon (1790-1830), Iron Horse (1830-1870), Steel Rail (1870-1920), and Auto-Air-Amenity(1920-now)
35
Q

forward capital and pros and cons3

A
  • symbolically relocated capital for economic or strategic purposes
  • pros: centrally located to balance population, government can be more focused on entire country not just world city, ability to make “dream city”–> make more jobs for people, brings together culture divide, symbol of breaking away from colonial past
  • cons: population will never be equal over the territory
36
Q

ghost cities

A

Chinese government made expanding its GDP its top priority. Large-scale development projects are easy way to boost GDP, so lots of ghost cities were built and no one is moving to them

37
Q

2008 financial crisis

A

Before the recession, people gave out ARM loans (interest rate changes for people who have no down payment) for houses. People realized they couldn’t afford their mortgages, so there were a lot of foreclosures (government inaction)

38
Q

low, med, high order cities3

A
  • High order: higher range, high threshold, doctors
  • Medium order: movie theater, lawyer
  • lower order: low range, low threshold gas stations
39
Q

threshold

A

(business owner POV), minimum size of market area

40
Q

range

A

how far consumer is willing to travel for service

41
Q

burgess concentric ring model6

A
  • 5 rings: the CBD, the zone of transition (business), zone of independent workers’ homes (manufacturing labor force), the middle class residences, and the suburban ring
  • The CBD is the most important aspect of the city
  • The middle areas is here the blue collar residents would live while white collar live furthest from city
  • Depicts urban land use with different rings for different land uses
  • As a city grew, residents began to move further away from the CBD and were replaced by immigrants and lower income families (invasion and succession)
  • Show shift from manufacturing cities to post-industrial cities
42
Q

hoyt sector model4

A
  • Shows that cities tend to grow in wedge-shaped patterns emanating from the CBD
  • Low income households are found in close proximity to railroad lines and other transportation routes
  • Recast of concentric zone to reflect railroads and transportation patterns
  • Land rent could remain consistent all the way from the CBD to the city’s outer edge
43
Q

ulman and harris multiple nuclei model3

A
  • Some nodes include airports, colleges, and tourist areas
  • CBD is still the major center of commerce, but there were other nodes that held economic significance as well
  • Economic activities tend to cluster together and rent-paying ability values vary throughout the city
44
Q

galactic city model2

A
  • Invention of automobile, not all employment and commerce happened in CBD, suburban cities grew and created urban realms outside of CBD, suburban sprawl
  • small industry district- mostly residential and central city
45
Q

new urbanism in chicago4

A
  • Red-Purple Modernization Project – Trying to improve transit capacity and accessibility to transit stations for everybody.
  • Transit oriented developments – apartment buildings built next to public transportation that do not have parking garages/parking lots, encouraging residents to take train
  • The 606 – public park/bike path to encourage bike riding/running
  • DIVVY bikes – allows bike rentals to discourage use of cars
46
Q

zoning trends in chicago4

A
  • Around Payton:planned developments and commercial areas. Residential areas around the school are all multi-unit buildings.
  • Airports located Away from downtown, near residential and manufacturing areas, need a lot of space and planes cannot be around tall buildings.
  • Planned manufacturing districts located west, north and south of downtown near rivers and highways because manufacturing relies on transportation to transport materials, not really near residential areas because people do not like to live near factories.
  • The city preserves historic buildings and historic neighborhoods (old town) by regulating what changes people are allowed to make to the exteriors of their homes. Parks and beaches are also preserved to maintain recreational space for residents.
47
Q

buying on contract5

A
  • renting to own, renter is in charge of plumbing, etc.
  • Renter would soon own, but if they miss one payment, they lose everything.
  • Traditional mortgage is when you pay into your home and it builds up to gain ownership, contract buying is all or none
  • People weren’t able to maintain equity in their home, it scammed people out of money and creates impoverished neighborhoods (1960s)
  • Today, buying on contract still happens: ads for owning your own home but the homes selling are in disrepair, if buyers don’t fix them they get evicted
48
Q

entrepot

A

city that takes in goods and loads them into other transportations for export (break of bulk point)

49
Q

counterurbanization

A

inner-city or suburban residents move to rural areas to escape the congestion, crime, pollution, and other negative aspects of the urban landscape.

50
Q

borchert’s epochs4

A

-Sail and Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
(invention of steam engine)
-Steamboat-Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)
(invention of steel rail)
-long Haul or Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
(invention of internal combustion engine)
-Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920- ).

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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