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AP Human Geography > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

folk culture6

A

rural, homogeneous, isolated, oral/slow/limited/relocation diffusion, local/regional, tradition

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2
Q

popular culture6

A

urban, heterogenous, interconnected, rapid/expansion/extensive diffusion, national/global, trends

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3
Q

local culture

A

group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others

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4
Q

material culture

A

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

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5
Q

nonmaterial culture

A

the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people

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6
Q

assimilation

A

the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society of culture (ex. US policies to assimilate indigenous people in the 1800s by using schools, churches, and government to discourage native practices)

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7
Q

custom

A

habit routinely followed by a group of people

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8
Q

cultural appropriation

A

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit (ex. domesticated horses by native americans)

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9
Q

commodification

A

the process through which something is given monetary value. occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that ban be traded in a market economy (ex. selling tours to observe an Amish village)

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10
Q

time-space compression

A

refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity, representative of today’s diffusion, where the likelihood of diffusion depends on the connectedness between places

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11
Q

taboo

A

a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing

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12
Q

placelessness (uniform landscape)

A

the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next (ex. major North American roadways are full of McDonald’s, Target, and Applebee’s)

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13
Q

reterritorialization

A

with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own (ex. hip hop around the world)

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14
Q

race

A

a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics (ex. Caucasian)

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15
Q

residential segregation

A

the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment

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16
Q

ethnicity

A

affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture (ex. Swiss Americans)

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17
Q

gendered

A

in terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women

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18
Q

standard language

A

the variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life

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19
Q

dialects

A

local or regional characteristics of a language, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary

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20
Q

isogloss

A

geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

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21
Q

language families

A

groups of language with a shared but fairly distant origin

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22
Q

subfamilies

A

divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent

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23
Q

language divergence

A

process when new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language

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24
Q

cognate

A

a word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word (comes from same root as other word)

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25
Q

language convergence

A

collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages

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26
Q

conquest theory

A

theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues

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27
Q

lingua franca

A

derived from “Frankish language,” applied to tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and Arabic. Today refers to a common language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce

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28
Q

pidgin language

A

when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary

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29
Q

multilingual state

A

countries in which more than one language is spoken

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30
Q

official language

A

the language selected to promote internal cohesion, usually the language of the courts and government

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31
Q

toponym

A

place name

32
Q

secularism

A

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

33
Q

monotheism

A

belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe

34
Q

polytheism

A

belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe

35
Q

animistic religion

A

the belief that inanimate objects (hills, trees, rivers, rocks) possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on earth

36
Q

religious sect

A

a subgroup of a religious belief system, an offshoot of a larger group

37
Q

universalizing religion

A

belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope

38
Q

ethnic religion

A

religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people

39
Q

shintoism

A

religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism that focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship

40
Q

zionism

A

the movement to unite the jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land

41
Q

pilgrimage

A

voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site

42
Q

sacred site

A

place or space people infuse with religious meaning

43
Q

minaret

A

tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer

44
Q

religious fundamentalism

A

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

45
Q

jihad

A

a doctrine within Islam, translated as “Holy War,” represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu’ran

46
Q

pagan

A

a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions

47
Q

hierarchical religion

A

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

48
Q

habit

A

repetitive act of individual

49
Q

culture

A

collection of a society’s customs

50
Q

how does popular culture diffuse

A

through mass media–> contagious

from celebrities–> hierarchical

51
Q

describe distribution of things3

A
  • depend on religion(no pigs in north africa bc they are muslim)
  • depend on physical landscape (beastly monsters in foresty areas)
  • depend on government (no facebook in china bc government restricts it)
52
Q

folk architecture3

A
  • isolated
  • building materical found in environment and practical (adobe house keeps in heat), (barn house has slanted roof for snow to slide off of)
  • changes from place to place
53
Q

popular architecture3

A
  • found everywhere and close together
  • look alike
  • changes over time (neo-tudor was popular in 80s)
54
Q

how does popular culture threaten folk culture4

A
  • people see commercials and start to want things they never knew existed
  • change day to day activities
  • copying things they see on tv
  • obstructs cultural landscape
55
Q

how did hip hop transform from folk to popular culture

A

gained more followers who began to spread through mass media communication. Hip hop artists began to get famous and trends started happening

56
Q

cultural components of the southwest3

A
  • vernacular-those who identify they live in the southwest
  • native americans
  • hispanics
57
Q

factors of identity5

A

race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, gang affiliation

58
Q

race and power relationships

A
  • power relationships happen when the government is a different race than its people
  • government thinks them as superior and pass laws that segregate, restrict and hurt inferior race (apartheid in south africa, jim crow laws)
59
Q

gender development index

A

high-MDCs- norway, austrailia, switzerland

low-LDCs- niger, chad, eritrea

60
Q

residential segregation in chicago factors3

A
  • income
  • people already living there
  • -leads to more gangs on the south and west side
61
Q

legal gay marriage globally and nationally

A
  • globally:legal in north/south america and europe, not legal in russia south asia, and africa (RELIGION)
  • nationally: gays where state laws allow (usually where urban places are)
62
Q

distribution of indo-european2

A
  • where: n/s america, europe, south asia, russia, australia

- diffusion: relocation-agriculture and conquest, contagious-globalization

63
Q

distribution of afro-asiatic2

A
  • where:middle east, north africa (bc of islam)

- diffusion: contagious, hierarchical, relocation

64
Q

austronesian language in madagascar

A

-contact between madagascar and southeast asia before madagascar-africa contact

65
Q

hearth theories for indo european language family3

A
  • hearth in the land above black sea-spread with conquest
  • hearth in anatolia turkey-spread with agriculture
  • one factor pointing towards first theory: PIE had words for wheel and axle but the spread of agriculture happened before those were invented
66
Q

causes and effects of american dialects2

A
  • causes: isolation in isogloss regions, migration of different peoples, new technology
  • effects: language convergence (Spanglish), harder mutual intelligibility (cah), minority dialects face discrimination, generations have their own dialect
67
Q

causes for english becoming a lingua franca6

A
  • british colonialism
  • us military
  • english missionaries
  • music/film/entertainment/internet is in english
  • US economy very dominant in world business
  • lots of english speaking tourists, lots of english tourist attractions
68
Q

hinduism6

A
  • ethnic
  • mono/poly theistic
  • hearth: indus valley
  • diffusion: relocation
  • no founder or ideology
  • caste system
69
Q

christianity5

A
  • universalizing
  • monotheistic
  • hearth:palestine (jerusalem)
  • diffusion: expansion, relocation and hierarchical diffusion
  • founder: jesus
70
Q

islam6

A
  • universalizing
  • monotheistic
  • hearth: mecca, arabia
  • founder: mohammad
  • diffusion: conquest and relocation
  • believe in 5 pillars and quaran
71
Q

judaism5

A
  • ethnic
  • monotheistic
  • hearth: eastern mediterranean
  • founder: abraham
  • diffusion: relocation and forced migration
72
Q

buddhism5

A
  • universalizing
  • non-theistic
  • founder: prince siddhartha (buddha)
  • hearth: nepal
  • against hinduism’s caste system
73
Q

explain distribution of mormon, lutheran, baptist4

A
  • for all: lack of in-migration, isolated, passed down through generations
  • mormons: had to escape persecution on east coast
  • lutheran: first european migrants were german and scandinavian lutherans
  • baptists: local religion, spread in rural areas bc there is no need for a leader
74
Q

types of religious cultural landscape4

A
  • place of worship(mosques, cathedral, temples)
  • sacred sites(wailing wall, stone henge)
  • treatment of dead (cremation, cemetaries)
  • toponyms(towns named after saints)
75
Q

causes of arab/israeli conflict4

A
  • jews and arabs share same sacred land
  • jews declared control of area when british withdrew, but they were minority, so arabs fought back
  • peace process is very complex and leaders can’t come to decision
  • land has constantly had changing controlling empires
76
Q

pros and cons to multilingual contries8

A 
pro:
-cultural diversity
-minority empowerment
-education-better skill sets
-economy-global business opportunities, tourism
con:
-no unification
-discrimination
-economy-increased costs
-centrifugal (wants to secede) force

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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