Unit 3 Flashcards
folk culture6
rural, homogeneous, isolated, oral/slow/limited/relocation diffusion, local/regional, tradition
popular culture6
urban, heterogenous, interconnected, rapid/expansion/extensive diffusion, national/global, trends
local culture
group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others
material culture
the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
nonmaterial culture
the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people
assimilation
the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society of culture (ex. US policies to assimilate indigenous people in the 1800s by using schools, churches, and government to discourage native practices)
custom
habit routinely followed by a group of people
cultural appropriation
the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit (ex. domesticated horses by native americans)
commodification
the process through which something is given monetary value. occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that ban be traded in a market economy (ex. selling tours to observe an Amish village)
time-space compression
refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity, representative of today’s diffusion, where the likelihood of diffusion depends on the connectedness between places
taboo
a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing
placelessness (uniform landscape)
the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next (ex. major North American roadways are full of McDonald’s, Target, and Applebee’s)
reterritorialization
with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own (ex. hip hop around the world)
race
a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics (ex. Caucasian)
residential segregation
the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment
ethnicity
affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture (ex. Swiss Americans)
gendered
in terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women
standard language
the variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life
dialects
local or regional characteristics of a language, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary
isogloss
geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
language families
groups of language with a shared but fairly distant origin
subfamilies
divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
language divergence
process when new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language
cognate
a word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word (comes from same root as other word)
language convergence
collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages
conquest theory
theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues
lingua franca
derived from “Frankish language,” applied to tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and Arabic. Today refers to a common language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce
pidgin language
when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
multilingual state
countries in which more than one language is spoken
official language
the language selected to promote internal cohesion, usually the language of the courts and government
toponym
place name
secularism
the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife
monotheism
belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe
polytheism
belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe
animistic religion
the belief that inanimate objects (hills, trees, rivers, rocks) possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on earth
religious sect
a subgroup of a religious belief system, an offshoot of a larger group
universalizing religion
belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope
ethnic religion
religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people
shintoism
religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism that focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship
zionism
the movement to unite the jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land
pilgrimage
voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site
sacred site
place or space people infuse with religious meaning
minaret
tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer
religious fundamentalism
religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy
jihad
a doctrine within Islam, translated as “Holy War,” represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu’ran
pagan
a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions
hierarchical religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
habit
repetitive act of individual
culture
collection of a society’s customs
how does popular culture diffuse
through mass media–> contagious
from celebrities–> hierarchical
describe distribution of things3
- depend on religion(no pigs in north africa bc they are muslim)
- depend on physical landscape (beastly monsters in foresty areas)
- depend on government (no facebook in china bc government restricts it)
folk architecture3
- isolated
- building materical found in environment and practical (adobe house keeps in heat), (barn house has slanted roof for snow to slide off of)
- changes from place to place
popular architecture3
- found everywhere and close together
- look alike
- changes over time (neo-tudor was popular in 80s)
how does popular culture threaten folk culture4
- people see commercials and start to want things they never knew existed
- change day to day activities
- copying things they see on tv
- obstructs cultural landscape
how did hip hop transform from folk to popular culture
gained more followers who began to spread through mass media communication. Hip hop artists began to get famous and trends started happening
cultural components of the southwest3
- vernacular-those who identify they live in the southwest
- native americans
- hispanics
factors of identity5
race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, gang affiliation
race and power relationships
- power relationships happen when the government is a different race than its people
- government thinks them as superior and pass laws that segregate, restrict and hurt inferior race (apartheid in south africa, jim crow laws)
gender development index
high-MDCs- norway, austrailia, switzerland
low-LDCs- niger, chad, eritrea
residential segregation in chicago factors3
- income
- people already living there
- -leads to more gangs on the south and west side
legal gay marriage globally and nationally
- globally:legal in north/south america and europe, not legal in russia south asia, and africa (RELIGION)
- nationally: gays where state laws allow (usually where urban places are)
distribution of indo-european2
- where: n/s america, europe, south asia, russia, australia
- diffusion: relocation-agriculture and conquest, contagious-globalization
distribution of afro-asiatic2
- where:middle east, north africa (bc of islam)
- diffusion: contagious, hierarchical, relocation
austronesian language in madagascar
-contact between madagascar and southeast asia before madagascar-africa contact
hearth theories for indo european language family3
- hearth in the land above black sea-spread with conquest
- hearth in anatolia turkey-spread with agriculture
- one factor pointing towards first theory: PIE had words for wheel and axle but the spread of agriculture happened before those were invented
causes and effects of american dialects2
- causes: isolation in isogloss regions, migration of different peoples, new technology
- effects: language convergence (Spanglish), harder mutual intelligibility (cah), minority dialects face discrimination, generations have their own dialect
causes for english becoming a lingua franca6
- british colonialism
- us military
- english missionaries
- music/film/entertainment/internet is in english
- US economy very dominant in world business
- lots of english speaking tourists, lots of english tourist attractions
hinduism6
- ethnic
- mono/poly theistic
- hearth: indus valley
- diffusion: relocation
- no founder or ideology
- caste system
christianity5
- universalizing
- monotheistic
- hearth:palestine (jerusalem)
- diffusion: expansion, relocation and hierarchical diffusion
- founder: jesus
islam6
- universalizing
- monotheistic
- hearth: mecca, arabia
- founder: mohammad
- diffusion: conquest and relocation
- believe in 5 pillars and quaran
judaism5
- ethnic
- monotheistic
- hearth: eastern mediterranean
- founder: abraham
- diffusion: relocation and forced migration
buddhism5
- universalizing
- non-theistic
- founder: prince siddhartha (buddha)
- hearth: nepal
- against hinduism’s caste system
explain distribution of mormon, lutheran, baptist4
- for all: lack of in-migration, isolated, passed down through generations
- mormons: had to escape persecution on east coast
- lutheran: first european migrants were german and scandinavian lutherans
- baptists: local religion, spread in rural areas bc there is no need for a leader
types of religious cultural landscape4
- place of worship(mosques, cathedral, temples)
- sacred sites(wailing wall, stone henge)
- treatment of dead (cremation, cemetaries)
- toponyms(towns named after saints)
causes of arab/israeli conflict4
- jews and arabs share same sacred land
- jews declared control of area when british withdrew, but they were minority, so arabs fought back
- peace process is very complex and leaders can’t come to decision
- land has constantly had changing controlling empires
pros and cons to multilingual contries8
pro: -cultural diversity -minority empowerment -education-better skill sets -economy-global business opportunities, tourism con: -no unification -discrimination -economy-increased costs -centrifugal (wants to secede) force
