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AP Human Geography > Unit 4 : political geography > Flashcards

Unit 4 : political geography Flashcards

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1
Q

Sovereignty

A

principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states

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2
Q

Nation

A

tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes (only in very few states)

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3
Q

Nation-state

A

recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation
ex: japan, slovenia, iceland

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4
Q

Multinational state

A

state with more than one nation within its borders

ex: canada, russia, usa, belgium

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5
Q

Multistate nation

A

nation that stretches across borders and across states

ex: koreans in north and south korea

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6
Q

Stateless nation

A

nation that does not have a state

ex: kurds, palestinians

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7
Q

Colonialism

A

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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8
Q

Core

A

processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology, generate more wealth than periphery processes in world-economy
ex: usa, uk, japan, s korea

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9
Q

Periphery

A

processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology, generate less wealth than core processes in world-economy
ex: honduras, bolivia, s. saharan africa

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10
Q

Semi-Periphery

A

places where core and periphery processes are both occurring, places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery
ex: india, vietnam, thailand

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11
Q

Capitalism

A

economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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12
Q

Berlin Conference (1881-1885)

A

meeting between European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa for colonization

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13
Q

compact state

A

distance from geometric center is similar, easy transportation/communication, high nationality
ex: poland, germany, hungary

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14
Q

fragmented state

A

2 or more separate pieces, no center, lots of nations

ex: philippines, indonesia

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15
Q

elongated state

A

stretch out, no cohesion, separation between endpoints (different nations)
ex: chile, vietnam

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16
Q

prorupted state

A

has area that extends from a more compact core , the prorupted part might have access to a good resource, but could have different nation
ex: namibia, with access to water

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17
Q

perforated state

A

surrounds another state(called landlocked), parts around landlocked state could have another nation, limited trade and transportation
ex: south africa perforated around lesotho
italy perforated around vatican city

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18
Q

core-periphery model4

A
  • core sells high profit goods to periphery and semipheriphery
  • core financially exploits semi periphery
  • core exploits periphery for labor, raw materials, resources
  • semi periphery exploits periphery for manufacture, cheap labor
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19
Q

Centripetal force

A

forces that tend to unify a country

ex: national sports teams, common culture (religion, language), economic success

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20
Q

Centrifugal force

A

forces that tend to divide a country

ex: civil war, politics, different religion /language

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21
Q

Unitary government

A

nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state

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22
Q

Federal system

A

political-territorial system where a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interest, but allows the entities to have their own laws, politics, and customs

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23
Q

Devolution

A

process when regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at expense of the central government

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24
Q

Reapportionment

A

process where representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

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25
Q

Majority-minority district

A

process where a majority of the population is from the minority

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26
Q

Gerrymandering

A

redistricting for advantage or dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition as few as possible

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27
Q

Geometric boundaries

A

political boundaries defined as a straight line or arc

ex: boundary between arizona and new mexico

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28
Q

Physical-political boundaries

A

political boundary defined, delimited and occasionally demarcated by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape (river)
ex: boundary between chile and argentina (mountains)

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29
Q

Geopolitics

A

the interplay of geography, power, politics, and international relations on Earth’s surface

30
Q

Unilateralism

A

one state is in a position of dominance with allies following, rather than joining the political decision-making process. Decision taken by just a single party, either without consulting, or against the wishes of other parties.

31
Q

Supranational organization

A

3 or more nation-states in formal political, economic, or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives (EU)

32
Q

Deterritorialization

A

movement of economic, social and cultural processes out of the hands of the states

33
Q

Territoriality

A

country’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory

34
Q

superimposed boundary

A

lines laid down for political reasons that ignore pre-existing cultural boundaries
ex: boundaries in africa (rwanda) were arbitrarily made by colonizers (british)

35
Q

subsequent boundary

A

lines resulting from conflict or cultural changes such as war or migration
ex: curzon line defined areas that were annexed by soviet union, us/mexico

36
Q

relic boundary

A

former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning
ex: berlin wall between west and east germany

37
Q

antecedent boundary

A

boundary lines that predate the current cultural landscape

ex: malaysia/indonesia

38
Q

consequent boundary

A

a border that coincides with a cultural divide

ex: north ireland with distribution of protestants

39
Q

effects of building wall between us and mexico3

A
  • economic: expensive, limits trade, less seasonal labor, creates jobs, decrease smuggling, limits undoc immigrants
  • political: tensions between states, isolationism, nationalism
  • social: split families, creates social movements, xenophobia, less cultural interaction
40
Q

definitional border disputes

A

focus on legal language (e.g. median line of a river: water levels may vary)

41
Q

locational border disputes

A

interpretation of border, or if border changes (lake dies up)

42
Q

operational border disputes

A

neighbors differ over the way the boundary should function (migration, smuggling) (e.g., US/Mexico)

43
Q

allocational border disputes

A

disputes over rights to natural resources (gas, oil, water)

44
Q

territorial sea3

A
  • sovereign territory in the area of sea from shore to 12 nautical miles, also in air above
  • within this, all laws of country apply
  • foreign ships (both military and civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it
45
Q

exclusive economic zone2

A
  • exclusive economic rights are granted to countries from shore to 200 nautical miles
  • state controls all aspects of resource development and extraction (fishing, whaling, etc., as well as the raw material resources)
46
Q

contiguous zone

A

-beyond territorial sea (12n.m.) there is another 12 n.m. where state can continue to enforce laws in customs, taxation, immigration, and pollution (buffer zone)

47
Q

stages to create boundaries4

A
  • definition: boundaries negotiated between parties
  • delimitation: putting boundary on maps
  • demarcation: putting visible marker on boundary
  • administration: how will it function?
48
Q

before peace of westphalia3

A
  • most policies in europe were ruled by an emperor, clergyman, or feudal lord
  • no solid borders
  • where you’re at shows who you are
49
Q

peace of westphalia2

A
  • marked beginning of modern state system when the states of roman empire negotiated end to their religious war
  • “where society lives forms its territory”–> “territory defines society”
50
Q

after peace of westphalia5

A
  • beginning of nation-state sovereignty (state able to chose religion practiced)
  • weakened papal authority(roman catholic church will never have as much political power)
  • balance in power
  • states become more territorial
  • territory boundaries show who you are
51
Q

heartland theory

A

proposed by Mackinder(british) that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world

52
Q

cold war and effect on geopolitics4

A
  • 2 supranational organizations created: NATO (U.S. and allies) and Warsaw Pact (Soviet Union and their allies)
  • US wanted to contain the spread of communism and influence of the Soviet Union(by financial aid, military aid, proxy wars)
  • U.S. fought a war in Vietnam based upon the domino theory–>if Vietnam fell to communism the rest of Southeast Asia would fall like a bunch of dominoes.
  • The breakup of the Soviet Union and the fall of communism brought about significant changes to the political map (newly independent states created in Eastern Europe and Central Asia)
53
Q

nafta4

A
  • north american free trade agreement
  • us, canada, mexico (central american countries added)
  • purpose: make trade free, without tariffs, make movement and sale of products easier, improve economies
  • signed in 1992, recently has been debated that it has cost job loss
54
Q

imf4

A
  • international monetary fund
  • members: 189 states
  • purpose: global monetary cooperation, financial stability, facilitate international trade, high employment, economic growth, and reduce poverty
  • founded 1945, helped low income countries during 2008 depression
55
Q

oas4

A
  • organization of american states
  • members: all states in western hemisphere
  • purpose: promote economic, social, and cultural development of american states
  • “International Union of American Republics” made in 1889 led to OAS, recently been defending democracy in venezuela
56
Q

opec4

A
  • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  • purpose: coordinate and unify the petroleum policies, stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum
  • members: Ecuador, Venezuela, Angola, Gabon, Nigeria. Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran(south america, africa, middle east)
  • signed in 1960, recently opec countries have tensions with non-opec countries
57
Q

asean4

A
  • association of south east asian nations
  • members; south east asia
  • purpose: promote peace and collaboration between Southeast Asian countries
  • founded 1967, the 1976 treaty of amity made all states in asean equal
58
Q

nato4

A
  • north atlantic treaty organization
  • members: north america, western europe
  • purpose: political and military alliance with members
  • formed in 1949, helped crisis manage in 1995 bosnia and herzegovina
59
Q

eu4

A
  • european union
  • members: western europe (now minus britain)
  • purpose: economic policy to foreign affairs, defense, agriculture and trade for europe
  • formed after WWII, recently brexit, poorer countries want to join, wealthier countries have to bail poorer countries (germany–> greece)
60
Q

waves of colonialism from europe2

A
  • 2 waves:
    1. ) spain/portugal/britain/france–>americas
    2. ) britain/france/netherlands/belgium/germany–>africa
  • laid ground rules for international state system, affected cultural landscape
61
Q

world systems theory3

A
  • world economy began with capitalist exchange (goods/services–>profit), has 1 market and global division of labor
  • almost everything takes place in world market
  • 3 tiers: core, periphery, semiperiphery
62
Q

german vs american school of geopolitics2

A
  • german: sought to explain why and how certain states become powerful
  • american: offer strategic advice by identifying parts that were important for projection of power (heartland theory)
63
Q

UN3

A
  • united nations
  • 5 original members: US, UK, Russia, France, China
  • established after WWII after League of nations
64
Q

rimland theory

A

based off of heartland theory by spykman. believed both land and sea power were important, “Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia; who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world”

65
Q

yalta conference5

A
  • FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union)
  • Formation of the United Nations
  • Germany would be divided into four occupations zones
  • Agree to allow free elections in liberated states (Poland, Hungary, Romania, etc. )
  • Germany to pay war reparations
66
Q

characteristics of a state6

A
  • recognized space/territory
  • population
  • economy
  • transportation
  • sovereignty
  • external recognition
67
Q

european imperialism causes and effects2

A
  • causes: MONEY, land, labor, capital, strategic location,
  • effects: labor exploitation, conflicting nations when colonizers leave, forced migration to get to right side, formations of new governments
68
Q

balkanization

A

when a state breaks into other states (yugoslavia)

69
Q

devolution in slovakia3

A
  • border disputes: slovakia wanted to use danube river for energy but hungary refused
  • economic problems: not in good position for trade, not very industrialized
  • nationality problems: tensions between slovakians and hungarians and czechs
70
Q

gerrymandering methods2

A
  • packing: Grouping as many voters of the opposite party that you can into the same group
  • Cracking: Voters of the opposing party are scattered and divided of the opposite party among many districts, spreading them out in the hope that your party has the majority in all the districts
71
Q

enclave

A

an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it

72
Q

exclave

A

a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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