unit 6: economic geography Flashcards
Acid Rain
acidified rainwater severely damages plant and animal life, caused by oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil, and natural gases are burned in manufacturing zones
Agglomeration
manufacturing plants/businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and tech and financial amenities
Aquifers
subterranean, porous, water-holding rocks that provide millions of wells with steady flows of water
basic industries
sell outside the local region to bring money into the region
Biodiversity
biological diversity, total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place
BPO
business product outsourcing, a US co. pays a co. abroad to complete a project (US Co. pays Indian Co. to program something)
Break-of-bulk point
location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another
Climate Change
change in global or regional climate patterns, temperatures are mostly rising (global warming)
Commodity chain
series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market
Commodity chain
series of links connecting the places of production and distribution that results in a commodity that is exchanged on the world market
Containerization
a method of shipping freight in relatively uniform, sealed, movable containers whose contents do not have to be unloaded at each point of transfer
Deforestation
the clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers
Deindustrialization
companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, region has to switch to a service economy
Dependency theory
critiques the modernization model, based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop
Dollarization
when a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country, or when it abandons its currency and adopts the wealthier country’s currency as its own
Economies of scale
increasing production of a good so that the average cost of the good declines
EPZs2
- export processing zones, zones established by many countries in the periphery/semiperiphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment
- most in US, China, Pakistan, Philippines
Externalities
transaction cost savings collected from locating within an agglomeration, effects that are external to any one firm, but internal to the cluster as a whole
Flexible production
components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together as needed to meet consumer demand
footloose industries
not tied to a particular location, mostly in quaternary sector because very involved with technology (credit card company doesn’t interact face-face)
Fordist production and limitations
- form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly, efficient, saves costs, named after Henry Ford
- Limitations: uses lots of space, many bad parts could be put into cars that end up going to waste, not as good quality
formal economy
The “legal” economy that governments tax and monitor
Global division of labor
corporations can draw from labor markets around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space through new communication/transportation tech
Global sourcing
practice of sourcing from the global market for goods and services across geopolitical boundaries
GNP
gross national product, the total value of all goods and services produced by a country’s economy in a given year (all goods produced by corporations/people of a country-inside or outside the country)
Growth pole
an urban center with certain attributes that, if augmented by a measure of investment support, will stimulate regional economic development in its hinterland
High-technology corridor
area along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to research, development and sale of high tech products, developed because of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high tech enterprises in close proximity to one another (Silicon Valley)
Hinterland
area of economic production that is located inland and is connected to the world by a port
horizontal integration
buying other companies at the same stage of the production processes, allows production of wider range of products. (Media companies own tv, radio, web sites so they can reduce to cost by spreading it among many markets)
industry life cycle3
- infancy (led by start-up companies located where the new tech was invented),
- maturity (competition increases, production becomes mass-produced, industry consolidates to few successful large firms, widespread markets, production decentralized)
- decline (tech is eclipsed by something new, costs decrease to stay competitive, less efficient plants are closed)
Informal economy2
- economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government and isn’t included in that government’s GNP–opposed to a formal economy
- highest in South America and Africa, lowest in US and Europe
Intermodal connections
places where 2+ modes of transportation meet
Islands of development
place built up by a government/corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
Just-in-time delivery
where companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed
Least cost theory
Alfred Weber, the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of expenses of: labor, transportation, and agglomeration
localization economies
(hollywood benefits from special-effects companies, casting agents, film editors). Externalities extend mainly to firms within the industry. Also relates to presence of skilled labor that migrate to the area
Maquiladora
zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the US market. Low wage workers in foreign-owned factories assembling imported materials and then exporting the finished goods
Modernization model
model of economic development (Walter Rostow) that maintains that all countries go through 5 interrelated stages of development which reach an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption
Neo-colonialism
continuation of colonial relationships after colonialism ends in a country
Neoliberalism
policies based on the economic theory that government should not intervene in markets
NGOs
nongovernmental organizations, international organizations that operate outside of the formal political area but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues (nonprofits)
NICs
Newly Industrialized Countries, states that underwent industrialization after WWII and whose economies have grown at a rapid pace
non basic industries
produce mainly for local market, don’t bring new money in
outsourcing
when a segment of the commodity chain is done abroad through business process outsourcing or global sourcing
Ozone Layer
layer in upper atmosphere between 30-45 km above earth’s surface where stratospheric ozone is most densely concentrated, acts as a filter for the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays
quaternary jobs and where2
- the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services)
- usually agglomerate with other services that are similar to theirs, most are footloose and do not need to locate near consumers
quinary jobs and where2
- activities that facilitate complex decision making and the advancement of human capacities (scientific research, higher education, high-level management)
- locate around universities or places of higher research (science labs) because there are a lot of resources (such as medical equipment) and highly educated people there.
Rostow vs Wallerstein 7
- Timeline/not static, relationships can change
- 5 stages/3 tiers
- Single path progression/Movement between tiers
- National analysis (1 country)/International analysis
- Says all countries can end up in same place/Not every country can be a core country
- Ignores colonial relationships/Acknowledges colonial relationships
- Western viewpoint/Structuralist viewpoint
Rostows theory5
- traditional society: subsistent, ag based, intensive labor
- preconditions to take off: begins manufacturing, more national outlook
- take off: intensive growth, industrialization begins, workers concentrated around new industry
- drive to maturity: standards of living rise, tech increases, economy grows
- high mass consumption: economy flourishes, mass production and consumerism
Rust belt
region in northeast US that was once characterized by industry, now in heavy deindustrialization
secondary jobs and where2
- the process of materials into a finished product ((auto manufacturing, furniture making, steel processing, seafood processing)
- bulk gaining locates near markets, bulk reducing locates near raw materials
shipping methods4
- Trucks: easy to load/unload, cheap (short distance), high destination flexibility, slow, small capacity, can’t cross water
- Rail: large capacity, long distances, limited to rail, can’t cross water, needs break of bulk point
- Ship: large load, can cross water, long distance, need break of bulk point
- Air: fast, expensive, need break of bulk point, lower capacity than rail and ship
site factors3
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant:
- land(low price of land, proximity to other countries)
- labor (low minimum wage)
- capital (low tariffs, good economy)
situation factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory (Many major ports/airports, proximity to market)
Structuralist theory
model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system
Sun belt
south and southwest regions of the US
tech spillovers
tech/scientific/business info that passes among people and companies, (tech firm in southern cali splits into many around that area, spawns lots of other related industries in same area, soon enough there is silicon valley) if your firm is out of the loop, it will not be efficient in bringing new products to market
Technopole
centers or notes of high tech research and activity around which a high tech corridor is sometimes established
tertiary jobs and where2
- service jobs that aid people and other businesses (haircuts, lawn care, car mechanics)
- locate near possible markets, in neighborhoods or near workplaces where it is convenient for both the producer and consumer to access this service
Trafficking
when a family sends a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that the labor recruiter will send money and the family member will earn money to send home
Transaction costs
additional costs of purchasing or selling a good or service beyond its actual price and transportation costs (ex: identifying buyers/sellers, finding skilled workers and investors, tech specifications). Called hidden costs because they are difficult to measure.
urbanization economies
cost-saving externalities derive from an increase in the size of the place and accumulate to most firms in most industries, happens in cities with large markets because they provide many goods/services (airports, health care, job training), causes economic agglomeration in big cities of urban businesses of all fields
hearth, distribution, diffusion of industry4
- Hearth: England
- Distribution: to areas around resources (water, coal, iron)
- Diffusion: diffused to east Europe (France, Germany, Poland), then to America, then to east Asia (China, Japan)
- major industrial areas in NAmerica, WEurope, Easia
industrialization changed cultural landscape5
- Factories: manufacturing became capital intensive-lots -of machines, made more jobs
- Environment: factories produced a lot of pollution, infrastructures like railroads and dams were put into landscape to accommodate trains/ships
- Urbanization: more people moved to cities to find manufacturing jobs, people had to live in smaller places and family sizes decreased, population in rural areas decreased
- Social Class: Capitalism increased and there was a distinct social class
- Transportation: Railroad was invented, steam ships were also more used
bulk reducing
final product weight < raw materials, so processing is located closer to resources (ex: agriculture)
bulk gaining
final product weight>raw materials, so processing is located near market (ex: beverage bottling, car manufacturing)
lean production
a production system which emphasizes quality, flexibility, time reduction and teamwork. Doesn’t use middle manager. It uses just-in-time production to save space and improves quality (asian car companies)
factors leading to establishment of silicon valley5
- ACCESS TO CAPITAL!!–venture capitalists (investors) are willing to risk investing on new tech companies
- Agglomeration-industries feed off of one another
- access to high quality communication facilities
- Stanford-attracts quinary sector
- High life quality lures high educated labor
major employment patterns in US
- Agriculture/Forestry/Hunting/Fishing in north/plains (lots of forests/lakes/plains)
- Mining/Oil/Gas Extraction in TX, NM, LA, and OK (lots of natural deposits)
- Manufacturing in Midwest and towards south (middle of country, easy for distribution)
- Arts/Rec/ Entertainment in FL, NV, CA, and the states in the Rockies (popular vacation destinations)
- Finance and Real Estate along with Producer Services tend to cluster in states with large, urban centers
top 5 employment in IL
- Producer services,
- public administration,
- health care and social assistance,
- finance/insurance/real estate,
- retail trade
regional multiplier3
- When there is a new basic industry in the region, it uses parts, boxes, stationery from other local firms and employs the services of local firms
- Total regional employment = regional multiplier * regional employment in basic jobs
- for every basic industry that comes in, there are basic and nonbasic jobs and revenue added to the region
UN development goals8
- eradicate poverty/hunger
- primary education
- gender equality
- maternal health
- reduce child mortality
- combat HIV/AIDs
- environmental stability
- global partnership
washington consensus reforms 4
- free trade,
- free foreign investment,
- privatizing companies,
- easing barriers for entry/exit
why do MDCs have more CO2 emissions6
- Government policy (regulation of pollution, taxes on gas)
- Size of countries (bigger pop = more CO2
- Cities spread out→ personal transportation (more personal cars for transport)
- Cultural values (Meat consumption and how we raise meat emits lots of CO2, Larger cars and homes (not fuel efficient, cheap fuel))
- Climate- requires heating/cooling
- US Uses coal for electricity (nuclear power in europe)
ecotourism
is tourism in a sustainable way (no man made infrastructure or manipulating natural environment)
