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AP Human Geography > unit 5: agricultural geography > Flashcards

unit 5: agricultural geography Flashcards

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1
Q

Subsistence agriculture

A

self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade

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2
Q

Seed crops

A

crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants

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3
Q

Root crops

A

crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots or cuttings from the plants

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4
Q

1st Agricultural Revolution

A

Dating back 10,000 years, achieved plant domestication and animal domestication starting with domestication of seed crops in Nile River Valley

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5
Q

2nd Agricultural Revolution

A

same time as Industrial Revolution (16-1700s), improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

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6
Q

3rd Agricultural Revolution

A

Currently in progress, (since 1930s) development of GMO’s

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7
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly clear forestland

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8
Q

Slash-and-burn agriculture

A

A kind of shifting cultivation, where Machetes/knives slash trees down and existing vegetation is burned off. The ash from the fire fertilizes the soil

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9
Q

Von thunen model

A

a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy.
rings:market-fruits,veggies, dairy-forest-grains-ranching livestock

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10
Q

Green revolution

A

the recently successful development of higher-yield, fast growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs

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11
Q

Biotechnology

A

tech designed to manipulate seed varieties to increase crop yields

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12
Q

GMO’s

A

genetically modified organisms, crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

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13
Q

mixed farming

A

integrated agricultural system where crops are grown and fed to livestock

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14
Q

factors on what is grown where3

A
  • environment (rice needs a lot of water)
  • culture (no pork in islamic or jewish areas)
  • economic (von thunen model)
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15
Q

labor-intensive agriculture

A

employs large #s of people and small capital (machines), most work done by hand

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16
Q

intensity of agricultural land use2

A
  • intensive agriculture: yields large output per acre through concentrated application of labor and/or capital, usually to small land holdings
  • extensive agriculture: yields smaller output per acre, labor and capital spread over large area of land
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17
Q

sedentary

A

farmers who live and work in a single location

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18
Q

nomadism

A

livestock herders who move place to place in search of a fresh pasture

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19
Q

irrigation

A

artificial watering of farmland (wells, tunnels, dams)

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20
Q

types of agricultural land ownership7

A
  • family farm:traditional american farm
  • tenant farm: farmers rent land and struggle to produce enough to pay rent
  • sharecroppers: farmers pay rent in form of percentage of crop
  • plantations: located in LDC, historical leftover from colonialism
  • state-owned farms: experiment in socialist countries where farms are state owned
  • garden farms: state-owned farm where worker has small garden plot where they farm very intensively
  • agribusiness: industrialized agriculture organized into integrated networks of agricultural inputs and outputs controlled by a small # of big corps
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21
Q

comparative advantage

A

when one region is relatively more efficient at producing a particular product compared with other regions

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22
Q

monoculture

A

agriculture that uses a large area of land for production of a single crop every year

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23
Q

global-local continuum

A

interaction between global processes and local lifestyles, how they shape each other

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24
Q

land use vs land cover

A

use: class of activity for which land is used by humans in an area
cover: class of material or vegetation that dominates the surface of the land

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25
Q

Township-and-range system

A

a rectangular land division scheme to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior

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26
Q

Metes-and-bounds survey

A

system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mts that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features (streams/trees). US abandoned technique in favor of rectangular survey system

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27
Q

Long-lot survey system

A

distinct regional approach to land surveying where land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads or canals

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28
Q

Commercial agriculture

A

arge scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory type labor forces and the latest tech

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29
Q

Climatic regions

A

area of the world with similar climatic characteristics

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30
Q

Plantation agriculture

A

production system based on large estate owned by an individual/family/corporation and organized to produce a cash crop

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31
Q

Livestock ranching

A

raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool

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32
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

33
Q

Cash crops

A

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower

34
Q

Luxury crops

A

non-subsistence crops such as tea, cocoa, coffee, and tobacco

35
Q

Agribusiness

A

general term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry

36
Q

Food desert

A

area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh, and nutritious food

37
Q

capital-intensive agriculture

A

1 single farmer, substitutes capital (machines) fro labor

38
Q

issues that affect food security4

A
  • varying abilities to balance production and consumption across regions
  • accelerating agriculture land–>urban land
  • increasingly energy-intensive food production methods but shrinking fossil fuels
  • expanding use of crops for biofuel production
39
Q

primary activities

A

extraction of materials from earth (fishing/mining)

40
Q

secondary activities

A

manufacturing materials into products

41
Q

tertiary activites

A

trade/facilitate/use goods (banker/doctor/teacher)

42
Q

quaternary and quinary activities2

A
  • quat-concerned with info or exchange of money/goods (finance/admin)
  • quin-research and higher education
43
Q

hearths throughout the world

A

eastern SA, north central china, SW asia, etc. all located in warm climate, not in mts or deserts. You need warm, fertile land to begin farming

44
Q

primogeniture

A

land passes to the eldest son (northern europe)

45
Q

dispersed settlement

A

where houses lie far apart and the land is cultivated by machines rather than by hand (US)

46
Q

nucleated settlement

A

villages are located off of a road and houses are nucleated (formed around) the village. work is done by people and animals

47
Q

types of villages5

A
  • linear (oriented around road/dike/levee)
  • cluster
  • round/roundling (circular with central cattle coral)
  • walled
  • grid
48
Q

koppen climate classification system

A

classifies climates based on temperature and precipitation

49
Q

subsidy

A

money granted by the government to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

50
Q

terracing2

A
  • growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope, labour-intensive
  • practiced in non flat land: China, Japan, the Philippines, Oceania and Southeast Asia; around the Mediterranean; in parts of Africa; and in the Andes of South America
51
Q

desertification

A
  • the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture
  • occurs in drylands in sub-Saharan and Central Asian because there is scare water
52
Q

causes of food insecurity3

A
  • declining control over local food resources,
  • lack of political power
  • political-economic structures that foster security
53
Q

regions with countries still in subsistence agriculture4

A

SE asia, sub saharan Africa, north SA, central america (very poor and dont have modern tech or methods to produce surplus

54
Q

koppen climate categories

A

humid equatorial(equator), dry(n Africa/australia), humid temp(w. europe), humid cold(n europe), cold polar(poles)

55
Q

dairying3

A
  • 1st largest commercial
  • northeast US, North Europe
  • milk, yogurt
56
Q

fruit, truck, specialized crops3

A
  • 2 commercial
  • market gardens (von thunen model first ring)
  • e/se US
57
Q

mixed livestock and crop farming3

A
  • 3 commercial
  • humid parts of midlats: e US, w Europe, w Russia
  • both animal and crops are farmed in the same area.
58
Q

commercial grain farming3

A
  • 4 commercial
  • drier midlats:russia, canada
  • wheat
59
Q

subsistence crop and livestock farming

A

central/ south America, some parts of middle east

60
Q

mediterranean agriculture2

A
  • around mediterranean

- citrus,palms, olives, artichokes, grapes

61
Q

intensive subsistence farming2

A
  • rice: s china, south asia

- wheat and other crops: india, n china, se asia

62
Q

shifting cultivation (map)

A

-n s america, sub sah africa, se asia

63
Q

livestock ranching2

A
  • us, canada, s america, austrailia, s africa

- live stock ranching on periphery and consumers in cities (refrigeration/transportation)

64
Q

neolithic revolution

A

The shift from hunting animals and gathering food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food (8,000 BC).

65
Q

effects of neolithic revolution8

A
  • demand for better tools
  • population increase
  • technological advances
  • permanent settlement
  • food surplus
  • rise of social class
  • division of labor
  • trade
66
Q

causes an effects of 2nd ag. rev.(5,6)

A

causes:
-more tech(machines)
-efficient farming methods (planting turnips gives nutrients back)
-colonization(americas, new crops introduced)
-innovations (fertilizers)
-selecting seeds with most yields
effects:
-population increase(death rate drops)
-trade of new crops/livestock (corn/potatoes)
-rise of commercial farming
-less farmers (2nd and tertiary sector increase)
-larger farms

67
Q

characteristics of modern agriculture5

A
  • most food sold year round(kept ripe with chems)
  • monoculture farms
  • agribusinesses control entire ag economy
  • most food is rearrangements of corn because corn is cheap and genes are easily modified
  • goal: produce lots of food over small land for low price and low time
68
Q

political decisions on food production3

A
  • past:government paid subsidies to farmers not to produce(decreases supply, increases demand=farmers good wage)
  • now:government pays farms to produce as much as possible, pays big farms more because they produce more (most produce corn)
  • farms use fertilizer(higher yield), machinery(faster process), and pesticides(kill weeds)=all easily attainable by bigger farms bc they richer
69
Q

food in global market3

A
  • truck farming (producing fruits, etc for places that cant grow them)
  • vertical integration (all parts of production are controlled by a single company)
  • globalization, decreased # of people working in ag
70
Q

agriculture effect on environment5

A
  • deforestation: forests replaced by livestock or crops
  • new irrigation and tech allows crops to grow in dry places: using up water
  • water mining: seas and lakes drying up
  • atmosphere: lots of greenhouse gas emissions
  • climate change
71
Q

truck farming

A

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities

72
Q

green revolution pros and cons4,2

A 
pros:
-reduced famine
-higher crop yield
-less crop failure
-population increase
cons:
-pesticides-->cancer
-over irrigation
73
Q

issues surrounding luxury crops4

A
  • farmers can’t live off of luxury crops
  • monoculture of lux crop =soil erosion, nutrient loss
  • fair trade deals: protects workers, better for environment
  • produced in LCD, sold in upscale MDC
74
Q

issues over food deserts2

A
  • opening new stores without transportation does not help (elderly, cold)
  • college students, undoc immigrants dont qualify for food stamps
75
Q

solutions for food production4

A
  • aquaculture
  • stop pesticides, organic compost, stop GMO seeds (less pollution, cuts expenses)
  • urban gardens
  • alternative protein sources (meat emits gas)
76
Q

organics pros cons4,2

A 
pros:
-healthier
-ethical for animals
-manure and cover crops are more sustainable and add nutrients to soil
-less agribusiness
cons:
-more expensive
-takes more farmland
77
Q

von thunens assumptions 6

A
  • transportation uniform (now planes, trucks, boats)
  • flat landscape
  • all soil arable (now overused/dry space)
  • no preservatives (GMOs, refrigeration)
  • no global market(now truck farming)
  • now changing ag practices(cattle in feedlots, no roaming space)
78
Q

vertical integration

A

Andrew Carnegie was this idea’s pioneer. Created business so that all parts were controlled from within. Tyson doesn’t buy their chicken eggs from third party, they hatch and grow eggs. Tyson creates/hires their own transport, rather than paying separate company

79
Q

women in agriculture

A
  • most in africa, south asia, SE asia (subsistence ag)
  • social customs (education) keep women in ag when men move to cities to make money
  • lack of tech and money, women farm dont produce as much
  • women run farm same time as run family

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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