Final stuff i need to know Flashcards
origin of boundaries5
- Antecedent: existed before the cultural landscape emerged (e.g., Malaysia/Indonesia)
- Subsequent: developed during the evolution of the cultural landscape (e.g., US/Mexico)
- Superimposed: placed by powerful outsiders on a developed landscape, usually ignores pre-existing cultural-spatial patterns (e.g., Indonesia/Papua New Guinea; Haiti/Dominican Republic)
- Relict: has ceased to function, but its imprint can still be detected on the cultural landscape (e.g., North/South Vietnam, East/West Berlin)
- consequent: which is a border drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences (Northern Ireland and Ireland)
4 Asian Tigers
NICs: Hong Kong Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The tigers were able to rise up to their new status due to government efforts to protect developing industry, government investment in education and training, as well as a shift of labor-intensive industries to areas with lower labor costs.
5 major and 1 other religions and where(6)
- christianity is the most widespread religion, with adherents in Europe, the Americas, and Sub saharan Africa.
- Hindus (hearth pakistan) migrated east toward the Ganges river. vast majority of adherents in South Asia or Bali.
- Judaism members moved to Europe, Then, in the 1930s, many Jews were forced to leave Europe due to the fascist Nazi regime. Many moved to North and South America. now are going back to the hearth of Israel.
- Islam diffused rapidly from its hearth in Mecca via conquest throughout North Africa and Asia, where it has most of its followers. It also has a strong following in Sub Saharan Africa, and increasingly in the United States and Western Europe.
- Buddhism is an offshoot of Hinduism and followers are mostly found in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Nepal, Tibet, and Korea.
- Indigenous religions, which may be animistic, polytheistic, or monotheistic, are still found in parts of sub Saharan Africa and inland South America but many have disappeared due to the diffusion of universalizing religions such as Christianity or Islam
acculturation vs assimilation vs multiculturalism2
- acculturation, is when the minority culture is changed by the majority but still retains many of its cultural characteristics.
- Assimilation happens when a minority culture is absorbed by a majority culture, and is greatly changed, losing many of its cultural traits
- Multiculturalism, the third possibility, is when many different cultures are present and coexist in a society.
Albers Conic projection2
- low levels of distortion
- looks like flat cone or semicircle
animal and plant domestication2
- first domesticated animals are said to have been dogs and cats and for agricultural purposes goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle. begun over 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, then diffused throughout the Mediterranean Basin
- first plant domestication:root crop cultivation, 14,000 years ago in South/Southeast Asia. Farmers began cultivating the roots of tubers such as cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes. then seed crop cultivation in the Nile River Valley of North Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Fertile Crescent. Farmers produced plants like wheat, barley, and maize by cultivating their seeds, marking the beginning of the First Agricultural Revolution
arithmetic, physiological, agricultural density
- Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area and is commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries.
- Physiological density is the number of people per unit of area of arable land (land suitable for agriculture). A high physiological density may mean that a country has difficulty growing enough food for its population
- Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)
basque
Isolated language. Only spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. Has no common link to modern languages. Was probably once spoken over a wider area but was abandoned where its speakers came in contact with Indo-European. Spoken by 1 million people in the Pyrenees Mts. of Northern Spain and southwestern France. Isolation helped Basque people to preserve their language in the face of the wide diffusion of Indo-European languages
berlin conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
biggest language family and subgroups2
- Indo-European language is noticeably dominant in many areas of the world. This is mainly because of Europe’s colonization on the many parts of the world
- Romance languages, Germanic languages, and Slavic languages
borcherts epochs5
- The Sail Wagon Epoch caused cities to grow near ports and major waterways. (1790-1830)
- The Iron Horse Epoch catalyzed the development of steamboats and regional railroad networks. (1830-70)
- The Steel Rail Epoch resulted in a national railroad network. (1870-1920)
- The Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch was the beginning of the use of the gas combustion engine, and people were able to cover long distances using cars and planes. (1920-70)
- High Technology Epoch is the expansion or service and information sectors of the economy(1970-today )
border disputes4
- definitional:dispute over the legal definitions of the borders, (e.g. median line of a river: water levels may vary)
- locational: how a change in a border is addressed,
- operational: how the ease of passage changes ((migration, smuggling) (e.g., US/Mexico)
- allocational: the division of a resource that lies on two sides (gas, oil, water) (e.g., Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, in part, due to a dispute over oil rights regarding the Ramallah oil field (mostly in Iraq but straddling into Kuwait)
brain drain
The emigration of highly educated workers from developing countries to developed countries
BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, and China are the four fast-growing markets that represent important opportunities.
burgess model
NA city, 5 concentric zones: In the center was the Central Business District, followed by the zone of transition (2nd zone) which consists of residential deterioration and the encroachment by business and light manufacturing. The 3rd zone consists of independent workers’ homes, the 4th zone of middle-class residencies, and zone 5 consisting of the suburban ring
chemical and mechanical farming2
- Chemical farming: Using chemicals to keep the plants healthy and growing, such as herbicides and pesticides. Also the high-yield seeds are designed to be resistant to those chemicals.
- Mechanized farming: Using tech like planters and harvesters to spend less time working the land and allowing the work to be done by fewer people.
choropleth map
shows different shades, symbols, and colors to represent the differences between places.
complementarily
when two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands
constitutive vs declarative state theory2
- The constitutive theory of statehood says that a state may only be defined as such if recognized by other sovereign states
- declarative theory of statehood states that an entity’s statehood is independent from recognition by other states
defs and examples of nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multination states, multistate nations, and autonomous region7
- nation: people with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and government. (Chinese-Americans)
- state:politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community, with with a defined population, territory and government (USA, Australia, Austria, etc.).
- nation-state:politically organized area nation and state that occupy the same place (e.g. Japan, North and South Korea, Slovenia, Iceland).
- stateless nation: culture group is not included or allowed share in the state political process (e.g. Palestinians and Kurds).
- multination state: state has several nations within the borders (e.g. Russia, Canada, Belgium, China, Spain).
- multistate nation: nation stretches across the borders of several states (e.g. Hungary).
- autonomous region: region with a degree of autonomy, from an external authority. It is usual for autonomous regions to be distant from the country or be populated by a national minority (e.g. Tibet is autonomous region of China)
demographic momentum
Demographic momentum (hidden momentum) is the tendency for a population to continue growing after the TFR has reached replacement level. The high % of younger people (base) of a country’s population will lead to a large number of births as these generations grow older and have children, still outnumbering the deaths of the oldest generations at the top of the population pyramid. (India)
diffusion folk and popular culture2
- folk culture is typically limited and slow, and often the product of relocation diffusion. (localized producers)
- Popular culture is where the producers are not also the consumers and the producers are dispersed, also on a global scale. With popular culture the diffusion is often extensive, rapid, and expanded
DTM5
- The first stage is characterized by high birth rates and equally high death rates
- The second stage, decreasing death rates coupled with high birth rates, lead to a high rate of natural increase and population explosion
- the third stage, in which birth rates began decreasing
- in the 4th stage, birth and death rates finally converge, again checking each other and returning population growth to “low” or “zero.”
- A 5th stage has emerged in a few First World countries (e.g. Japan) as death rates rise above birth rates and result in negative population growth
Eat-local movement
The collaborative effort to build more locally based, self reliant food economies - one in which sustainable food production, processing, distribution, and consumption is integrated to enhance the economic, environmental and social health of particular place. LESS FOSSIL FUEL USd for transportation
ecotourism4
- Ecotourism is a form of tourism that is pursued by ecologically concerned people who travel to regions with pristine ecosystems to inflict no environmental damage. (Costa Rica, Amazon River, Kenya)
- agritourism allows tourist to go to the rural areas and explore agriculture first hand,
- community development allows tourist to experience cultural and economic realities of life in these countries,
- eco lodging, where tourist stay in lodges built with minimum impact on the environment and uses alternative energy and careful waste disposal
effects of increasing women education and jobs3
- Patterns of fertility: If a woman is better educated about their reproductive rights, they will make better reproductive choices and chose better contraceptive methods
- With better education on reproduction, contraception, and improved health care, fewer women die from STDs and childbirth
- Patterns of migration: In recent years the number of women migrating has been increasing at a higher rate than those of men migrating,
epidemiological transition model5
- Stage 1 is the stage of pestilence and famine, with epidemics, such as the Bubonic Plague, as principal causes of death that naturally checked the high birth rates with equally high death rates.
- The second stage is the stage of receding pandemics, in which innovations from the Industrial Revolution (e.g. improved sanitation, water and sewer systems) improved health conditions and reduced the spread of disease
- Stage 3 deals with human-created disease; as deaths due to infectious disease decrease, deaths due to degenerative diseases increased.
- the final stage: delayed degenerative diseases continue to be causes of death and again become natural “checks” on low birth rates. Additionally, we begin to see strains of emerging infectious diseases that are resilient to modern medicine (e.g. Ebola).
- 5th stage (predicted), in which these resilient infectious diseases will cause high death rates, increasing the likelihood of epidemics seen in the first two stages
ethnocentrism
belief in superiority of one’s own ethnic group
evolution of boundaries4
- Definition: legal document or treaty drawn up to specify actual points in the landscape
- Delimitation: cartographers put the boundary on the map
- Demarcation: boundary is actually marked on the ground w/ wall, fence, posts,… (too expensive or impractical for most borders to be demarcated)
- administration: how a boundary will be maintained and how goods and people can cross the boundary with the control of the government.
extensive farming3
- Pastoral nomadism involves the seasonal movement of animal herds from winter to summer pastures, following an annual cycle
- Shifting cultivation is found in tropical areas where farmers use a large plot of land to grow wild vegetation and abandoned them once the soil grew infertile. (s America africa and se asia)
- Ranching is an agricultural activity that involves the raising of cattle for the production of meat and other byproducts. Ranching is located in semi-arid climates like the American West
factors that influence fertility (social, cultural, political, economic)4
- Social factors like education and health care affect these rates.
- Religion and women’s status in certain places are cultural factors
- government would have a push for a higher TFR to increase the population growth, or governments like China would enforce a one child policy to slow population leading to low TFR
- Economic factors such as child cost and income
feudal city
Cities that arose during the Middle Ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities.
food choice issues3
- Organic Farming: type of agriculture that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and similar synthetic products.
- Value added specialty crops: When the crop/product is processed on the farm and significantly increases in value and more money goes to the farmer. Some examples of these are wine, specialty cheeses, olive oil and nut oils, fruit and tree syrups, and smoked and dried meats.
- Fair Trade: The aim of fair trade is to raise the income of certified producers by reducing the number of actors in the supply chain.
food taboos3
- Hebrews in Eastern Mediterranean: Animals without cloven feet because concerns for environment
- Muslims in Arabian peninsula: Pork because pigs compete with humans for food & water without offering any benefits
- hindus in india:Cow because they pull plows & are needed for agricultural work
gender measurements
- GDI (gender development index): gender- related development index and it compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. (Saudi Arabia has high inequality between men and women)
- GEM/GEI (gender empowerment measure/index): Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
GIS
Geographic information system (GIS) - GIS is a digital representation of the environment that combines spatial layers and social patterns.
Goode homolosine projection2
-Relatively proportional; inaccurate longitude and latitude.
Interrupted form allows for more proportional.
-looks like cut up circle, or M with extra leg
