Unit 2: Population and Migration Flashcards
Arithmetic population density
the population of a country/region as expressed as an average per unit area
Physiological density
number of people per unit area of arable land
Agricultural density
the population of farmers per unit area
Megalopolis
term for large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world
Census
periodic and official count of a country’s population
Natural increase
population growth measure as the excess of live births over deaths
calculation: (CBR-CDR)/10 when CBR/CDR are out of 1000 ppl
TFR
total fertility rate, average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
Dependency ratio:
old-age dependency: relationship between number of people over the age of 65 and people between ages 15-64. Child dependency: relationship between number of 0-14 people and 15-64 year old people
Zero population growth
state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births
CBR
crude birth rate, number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
CDR
crude death rate, number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population
Demographic transition
model of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization
Population pyramid
representations of the age and sex composition of a population
IMR
infant mortality rate, number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a population
Child mortality rate
number of children that die between first and fifth years of their lives in a given population
Life expectancy
how long, on average a person may be expected to live
Epidemic
regional outbreak of a disease
Eugenic population policies
government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others (example: Nazi germany)
Anti-natalist policy
policies aiming to decrease birth rates/slow population growth
Pro-natalist policy
policies that promote human production
Remittances
money migrants send back to family/friends in their home countries
Emigration
the act of a person leaving a country or area to settle elsewhere
Immigration
act of a person migrating to a new country or area
Nomadism
movement among a definite set of places, often cyclic movement
Transhumance
seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
International migration
human movement across international boundaries
Internal migration
human movement within a nation-state (ex. moving westward in US)
Forced Migration
migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate
Human trafficking
form of forced migration in which organized criminal elements move people illegally, typically either to work as involuntary laborers or to participate in the commercial sex trade
Ravensteins Laws of migration10
10 laws that predict the flow of migrants:
- migrate for ECONOMIC reasons
- travel SHORT distance
- migrate from RURAL areas
- interregional migrants: MALE
- intraregional migrants: FEMALE
- migrate to URBAN areas
- age 18-34
- RURAL residents are more likely to move than urban
- every migration will have a COUNTER migration
- INDIVIDUALS are more migratory
Gravity model:
mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, a function of population size of places and the distance between them
Distance decay
effects of distance on interaction, greater distance=less interaction
Step migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (ex. From farm to village to town to city)
Intervening opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
Chain migration
when migrants move along and through kinship links (ex. One migrant settles in a place and then tells others to move there)
Guest worker
legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term
Internally displaced persons
people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
Inter/Intraregional migration
inter: between regions
intra: within a region
Thomas Malthus
English economist in 1700s, argued overpopulation will outrun food production because food production is growing linearly while population is growing exponentially
Neo-Malthusians
geographers today who support Malthus’ theory because currently, more countries have hit stage 2 than Malthus predicted and overpopulation is outrunning other resources besides food production, which supports Malthus’ claim
Pandemic
a diseases that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a large proportion of the population
Epidemiological transition
the causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
describe population growth over time
0-1000: slow growth
1000-1800: medium growth
1800-2000: fast growth
2000-: medium-fast growth
examples of factors that make -/+ growth
-: european exploration, black plague, mongols
+: industrial revolution, colonial america, modern medicine
most/least populated regions4,3
- most populated: east asia, south asia, western europe, north east us
- least populated: north africa, austrailia, east europe
high/low arithmetic population density3,3
- high: india, philippines, japan
- low: austrialia, russia, canada
high/low natural increase/ fertility rate
- high: LDCs (africa, south asia)
- low MDCs (russia, east europe)
climate/geography–population3
- high in temperate places, low in extreme cold or hot
- high along coasts, low in deserts or forests
- humans avoid: too cold, too wet, too high, too dry
describe 4 stages of dtm
1: high CBR and high CDR=low NIR
2: industrial revolution makes more food and sanitation, causes low CDR while still high CBR=rapid NIR
3: people start moving to cities ad there is less need for kids, also contraceptsives and women education causes low CBR while still low CDR=decreased NIR
4: people are in more control of births and deaths remain low=NIR stays low or decreases to about 0
top heavy vs bottom heavy vs rectangle population pyramid3
- top heavy: high elderly, rely on young to pay taxes
- bottom heavy: high young, rely on old to pay for education/healthcare
- rectangle: equal amount, zero population growth (MDCs)
demographic issues of japan, india and kenya
- japan: falling CBR, high elderly dependence, population decline
- india: overpopulation, uneducated women+less contraceptives+men more valued than women=high CBR=population increase
- kenya: high HIV/AIDS, adults are dying, high child dependence=force women to drop of out school=women sell body and then contract HIV=high CBR
describe 5 stages of epidemiological transition
1: pestilence and famine (black plague)
2: receding pandemics (cholera)
3: -4:degenerative/delayed diseases and declining epidemics (cardiovascular disease and cancer)
5: reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases (HIV/AIDS)
spread of ebola
from the hearth of guinea, people traveled across borders to sierra lione and liberia without border patrol, so the disease spread (contagious diffusion)
reasons for and against Malthus’ theory4,5
For:
-malthus undereastimated # of countries to enter stage II
-other resources (energy, water, space) are also running out
-cultures cause countries to not move into stage III
-LDCs grow food without modern agriculture
Against:
-CBR decrease with spread of contraceptives
-Malthus didn’t predict stage III
-technology makes food production exponential
-globalization (trade) makes food distribution easier/faster
-larger population influences economic growth=more food
examples of pro/anti natalist3,3
anti: (China)
- one child policy
- promoted contraceptives
- incentives and punishments
pro: (Demark, Sweden)
- educating young
- promotional ads
- financial incentives
top 3 countries migrates are leaving and moving to
leaving: india (UAE), mexico(US) bangladesh(india)
moving to: US (india), UAE(pakistan), Saudi Arabia(pakistan)
migration to US: 5 countries–> 5 states
from: Mexico, india, china, philippines, cuba
to: california, new york, florida, texas, new jersey
migration within US(in3, out3, ec structure, friction of distance, age structure)
- in: megalopolis region, sun belt, suburbs
- out: rust belt, great plains, cities
- ec structure: deindustrialization–> decrease in pri sector jobs–> out mig of rust belt and great plains
- fric of dis: tech has made it easy to move to suburbs but work in city
- age: retirees move to sun belt, families move to suburbs
historical migrations3
-columbian exchange: when europeans first discovered americas–> population growth because of crop exchange but spread of diseases
-transatlantic slave trade: when slaves were brought over to americas–> most went to central/south america because there were plantations that needed help
migration in south asia: india was split into india and pakistan to separate religions–> people were caught on wrong side of border and forced to migrate over
qatar2
- guest migrant workers coming from nepal, india, bangladesh who want higher wages
- conditions are terrible, many ppl die, no contracts, low wages, not allowed to leave country
refugees (where theyre leaving, why, where they’re going to, struggles getting there, struggles there, potential benefits)
- leaving: syria, afghanistan, somaila, sudan, south sudan
- why: armed conflict and war
- going: nearby nations: turkey, lebannon, jordan, european nations
- struggles going: european nations have strong border security to limit refugees, dangerous journey
- struggles there: not enough space and resources, jobs
- potential benefits: boosts economy with more workers, population growth for declining populations
top 3 IDP countries
syria, columbia, iraq
historical immigration to US: colonial era-1865, 1880-1920, 1965-present(4,1,2)
- colonial era-1865: blacks for west africa(slaves), puritans and pilgrims (religious freedom), china (gold rush), north and west europe (economic opportunities)
- 1880-1920: central, south, east europe (economic opportunities)
- 1965-present: asia and latin america (economic opportunities, immigration and nationality act let more non whites in)
