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AP Human Geography > Unit 2: Population and Migration > Flashcards

Unit 2: Population and Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Arithmetic population density

A

the population of a country/region as expressed as an average per unit area

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2
Q

Physiological density

A

number of people per unit area of arable land

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3
Q

Agricultural density

A

the population of farmers per unit area

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4
Q

Megalopolis

A

term for large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world

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5
Q

Census

A

periodic and official count of a country’s population

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6
Q

Natural increase

A

population growth measure as the excess of live births over deaths
calculation: (CBR-CDR)/10 when CBR/CDR are out of 1000 ppl

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7
Q

TFR

A

total fertility rate, average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

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8
Q

Dependency ratio:

A

old-age dependency: relationship between number of people over the age of 65 and people between ages 15-64. Child dependency: relationship between number of 0-14 people and 15-64 year old people

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9
Q

Zero population growth

A

state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births

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10
Q

CBR

A

crude birth rate, number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population

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11
Q

CDR

A

crude death rate, number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population

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12
Q

Demographic transition

A

model of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization

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13
Q

Population pyramid

A

representations of the age and sex composition of a population

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14
Q

IMR

A

infant mortality rate, number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a population

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15
Q

Child mortality rate

A

number of children that die between first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

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16
Q

Life expectancy

A

how long, on average a person may be expected to live

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17
Q

Epidemic

A

regional outbreak of a disease

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18
Q

Eugenic population policies

A

government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others (example: Nazi germany)

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19
Q

Anti-natalist policy

A

policies aiming to decrease birth rates/slow population growth

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20
Q

Pro-natalist policy

A

policies that promote human production

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21
Q

Remittances

A

money migrants send back to family/friends in their home countries

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22
Q

Emigration

A

the act of a person leaving a country or area to settle elsewhere

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23
Q

Immigration

A

act of a person migrating to a new country or area

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24
Q

Nomadism

A

movement among a definite set of places, often cyclic movement

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25
Q

Transhumance

A

seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

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26
Q

International migration

A

human movement across international boundaries

27
Q

Internal migration

A

human movement within a nation-state (ex. moving westward in US)

28
Q

Forced Migration

A

migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate

29
Q

Human trafficking

A

form of forced migration in which organized criminal elements move people illegally, typically either to work as involuntary laborers or to participate in the commercial sex trade

30
Q

Ravensteins Laws of migration10

A

10 laws that predict the flow of migrants:

  • migrate for ECONOMIC reasons
  • travel SHORT distance
  • migrate from RURAL areas
  • interregional migrants: MALE
  • intraregional migrants: FEMALE
  • migrate to URBAN areas
  • age 18-34
  • RURAL residents are more likely to move than urban
  • every migration will have a COUNTER migration
  • INDIVIDUALS are more migratory
31
Q

Gravity model:

A

mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, a function of population size of places and the distance between them

32
Q

Distance decay

A

effects of distance on interaction, greater distance=less interaction

33
Q

Step migration

A

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (ex. From farm to village to town to city)

34
Q

Intervening opportunity

A

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

35
Q

Chain migration

A

when migrants move along and through kinship links (ex. One migrant settles in a place and then tells others to move there)

36
Q

Guest worker

A

legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term

37
Q

Internally displaced persons

A

people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee

38
Q

Inter/Intraregional migration

A

inter: between regions
intra: within a region

39
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

English economist in 1700s, argued overpopulation will outrun food production because food production is growing linearly while population is growing exponentially

40
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

geographers today who support Malthus’ theory because currently, more countries have hit stage 2 than Malthus predicted and overpopulation is outrunning other resources besides food production, which supports Malthus’ claim

41
Q

Pandemic

A

a diseases that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a large proportion of the population

42
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

the causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

43
Q

describe population growth over time

A

0-1000: slow growth
1000-1800: medium growth
1800-2000: fast growth
2000-: medium-fast growth

44
Q

examples of factors that make -/+ growth

A

-: european exploration, black plague, mongols

+: industrial revolution, colonial america, modern medicine

45
Q

most/least populated regions4,3

A
  • most populated: east asia, south asia, western europe, north east us
  • least populated: north africa, austrailia, east europe
46
Q

high/low arithmetic population density3,3

A
  • high: india, philippines, japan

- low: austrialia, russia, canada

47
Q

high/low natural increase/ fertility rate

A
  • high: LDCs (africa, south asia)

- low MDCs (russia, east europe)

48
Q

climate/geography–population3

A
  • high in temperate places, low in extreme cold or hot
  • high along coasts, low in deserts or forests
  • humans avoid: too cold, too wet, too high, too dry
49
Q

describe 4 stages of dtm

A

1: high CBR and high CDR=low NIR
2: industrial revolution makes more food and sanitation, causes low CDR while still high CBR=rapid NIR
3: people start moving to cities ad there is less need for kids, also contraceptsives and women education causes low CBR while still low CDR=decreased NIR
4: people are in more control of births and deaths remain low=NIR stays low or decreases to about 0

50
Q

top heavy vs bottom heavy vs rectangle population pyramid3

A
  • top heavy: high elderly, rely on young to pay taxes
  • bottom heavy: high young, rely on old to pay for education/healthcare
  • rectangle: equal amount, zero population growth (MDCs)
51
Q

demographic issues of japan, india and kenya

A
  • japan: falling CBR, high elderly dependence, population decline
  • india: overpopulation, uneducated women+less contraceptives+men more valued than women=high CBR=population increase
  • kenya: high HIV/AIDS, adults are dying, high child dependence=force women to drop of out school=women sell body and then contract HIV=high CBR
52
Q

describe 5 stages of epidemiological transition

A

1: pestilence and famine (black plague)
2: receding pandemics (cholera)
3: -4:degenerative/delayed diseases and declining epidemics (cardiovascular disease and cancer)
5: reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases (HIV/AIDS)

53
Q

spread of ebola

A

from the hearth of guinea, people traveled across borders to sierra lione and liberia without border patrol, so the disease spread (contagious diffusion)

54
Q

reasons for and against Malthus’ theory4,5

A

For:
-malthus undereastimated # of countries to enter stage II
-other resources (energy, water, space) are also running out
-cultures cause countries to not move into stage III
-LDCs grow food without modern agriculture
Against:
-CBR decrease with spread of contraceptives
-Malthus didn’t predict stage III
-technology makes food production exponential
-globalization (trade) makes food distribution easier/faster
-larger population influences economic growth=more food

55
Q

examples of pro/anti natalist3,3

A

anti: (China)
- one child policy
- promoted contraceptives
- incentives and punishments
pro: (Demark, Sweden)
- educating young
- promotional ads
- financial incentives

56
Q

top 3 countries migrates are leaving and moving to

A

leaving: india (UAE), mexico(US) bangladesh(india)

moving to: US (india), UAE(pakistan), Saudi Arabia(pakistan)

57
Q

migration to US: 5 countries–> 5 states

A

from: Mexico, india, china, philippines, cuba
to: california, new york, florida, texas, new jersey

58
Q

migration within US(in3, out3, ec structure, friction of distance, age structure)

A
  • in: megalopolis region, sun belt, suburbs
  • out: rust belt, great plains, cities
  • ec structure: deindustrialization–> decrease in pri sector jobs–> out mig of rust belt and great plains
  • fric of dis: tech has made it easy to move to suburbs but work in city
  • age: retirees move to sun belt, families move to suburbs
59
Q

historical migrations3

A

-columbian exchange: when europeans first discovered americas–> population growth because of crop exchange but spread of diseases
-transatlantic slave trade: when slaves were brought over to americas–> most went to central/south america because there were plantations that needed help
migration in south asia: india was split into india and pakistan to separate religions–> people were caught on wrong side of border and forced to migrate over

60
Q

qatar2

A
  • guest migrant workers coming from nepal, india, bangladesh who want higher wages
  • conditions are terrible, many ppl die, no contracts, low wages, not allowed to leave country
61
Q

refugees (where theyre leaving, why, where they’re going to, struggles getting there, struggles there, potential benefits)

A
  • leaving: syria, afghanistan, somaila, sudan, south sudan
  • why: armed conflict and war
  • going: nearby nations: turkey, lebannon, jordan, european nations
  • struggles going: european nations have strong border security to limit refugees, dangerous journey
  • struggles there: not enough space and resources, jobs
  • potential benefits: boosts economy with more workers, population growth for declining populations
62
Q

top 3 IDP countries

A

syria, columbia, iraq

63
Q

historical immigration to US: colonial era-1865, 1880-1920, 1965-present(4,1,2)

A
  • colonial era-1865: blacks for west africa(slaves), puritans and pilgrims (religious freedom), china (gold rush), north and west europe (economic opportunities)
  • 1880-1920: central, south, east europe (economic opportunities)
  • 1965-present: asia and latin america (economic opportunities, immigration and nationality act let more non whites in)

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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