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AP Human Geography > Unit 1: Geography: its nature and preservatives > Flashcards

Unit 1: Geography: its nature and preservatives Flashcards

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1
Q

globalization

A

the set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating interdependence across national borders

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2
Q

human geography

A

the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes

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3
Q

physical geography

A

the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth’s natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography

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4
Q

spatial distribution

A

physical location of geographic phenomena across space

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5
Q

spatial perspective

A

observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

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6
Q

location

A

geographical situation of people and things

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7
Q

human-environment interaction

A

reciprocal relationship between humans and environment

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8
Q

region

A

an area marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity

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9
Q

place

A

the uniqueness of a location

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10
Q

movement

A

the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet

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11
Q

spatial interaction

A

the degree of flow of people, ideas, and goods among places

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12
Q

cultural landscape

A

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape ex. Layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts from various human occupants

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13
Q

sequent occupance

A

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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14
Q

networks

A

a set of interconnected nodes without a center

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15
Q

cartography

A

the art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design

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16
Q

gps

A

Global Positioning System, satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

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17
Q

relative location

A

the regional position of a place relative to the position of other places

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18
Q

absolute location

A

the position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude

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19
Q

mental maps

A

image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual’s perception, impression, and knowledge of that space

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20
Q

remote sensing

A

a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (ex. satellites) that are physically distant from the area or object of study

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21
Q

GIS

A

Geographic Information System, a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user

22
Q

scale

A

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization, also the ratio of map distance to general distance

23
Q

formal region

A

a region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena (ex. the French speaking Canada)

24
Q

functional region

A

a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it (ex. The Seattle Metropolitan Area)

25
Q

perceptual region

A

a region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity (ex. “The South” in the US)

26
Q

cultural hearth

A

place of origin of a major culture

27
Q

time-distance decay

A

the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source

28
Q

expansion diffusion

A

the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination

29
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or people (ex. Fashion trends first spread to major cities then to other cities)

30
Q

contagious diffusion

A

the distance-controlled spreading of an innovation or an idea through a local population by contact from person to person (ex. A viral video)

31
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place (McDonalds spreading to Hawaii and serving spam)

32
Q

relocation diffusion

A

sequential diffusion process in which the items are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones (ex. Irish immigrants spread St. Patricks day to US)

33
Q

possibilism

A

geographic viewpoint that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development, view that the environment provides a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilities of human choice

34
Q

environmental determinalism

A

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life

35
Q

HDI

A

Human Development Index, a list created by the United Nations that looks at the economic, social, and demographic factors of each country, such as literacy rate or life expectancy, to rate how high a country is developed

36
Q

mdc

A

More developed country, a country with high HDI and has progressed further along the development continuum

37
Q

ldc

A

less developed country, a country with low HDI and is in an earlier stage of development

38
Q

gdp

A

Gross domestic product, the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country, normally during a year

39
Q

primary sector

A

area of work where workers directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, and sometimes mining, fishing, and forestry

40
Q

gdi

A

Gender-related Development Index, compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes

41
Q

gem

A

Gender Empowerment Measure, compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making

42
Q

how to apply spatial thinking to analyze human activities

A

observe variations of human activities across space and time, find a pattern and think why

43
Q

Explain and apply geographical concepts: location, place, human-environment interactions, movement, regionalization, and globalization

A
  • location-geographical situation of people and things(why are villages where they are?)
  • place-the uniqueness of a location (what traits are similar/different to another place?)
  • h/e int-reciprocal relationship between humans and environment (how did draining the everglades affect the environment?)
  • mvemnt- mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet (how did this idea/good/people spread?)
  • rgnalization- organization of earth’s surface into distinct areas that are viewed different from other areas (how did this region form, with these characteristics?)
  • glbalization- expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact (how did this mcdonalds become global?)
44
Q

Evaluate the extent to which globalization is integrating the world

A

globalization is happening at all scales: individual, local, regional, national, and global. Globalization at smaller scales help it get to larger scales

45
Q

Identify the tools geographers use

A
  • remote sensing-collecting data or information through the use of instruments (ex. satellites)
  • gis-Geographic Information System, collection of computer hard/software that permits spatial data to be collected, stored, analyzed
  • gps-Global Positioning System, satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places
  • maps
46
Q

Explain how changing the scale, aggregation and type of map can affect the interpretation of a map

A

-changing scale- larger scale(1/10) means smaller place with more detail, smaller scale (1/100000) means large place with less detail
-changing aggregation- city/state/country similar to scale
-type-county choloropleth-highlights south
county circles-highlights urban cities
population dot-good distribution

47
Q

Describe the distribution of african amerians in the us

A

african americans are mostly in the south and urban cities

48
Q

Compare different types of regions

A
  • formal- a region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena (ex. the French speaking Canada)
  • functional-a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it (ex. The Seattle Metropolitan Area)
  • perceptual-a region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity (ex. “The South” in the US)
49
Q

Analyze how traits diffuse

A
  • expansion:number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination
  • hierarchical-idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or people (ex. Fashion trends first spread to major cities then to other cities)
  • contagious-spreading of an innovation or an idea through a local population by contact from person to person (ex. A viral video)
  • stimulus-cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place (McDonalds spreading to Hawaii and serving spam)
  • relocation-items are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones (ex. Irish immigrants spread St. Patricks day to US)
50
Q

Compare MCD’s and LCDs

A

(general trend, not always true)

  • mdcs: high hdi, high gdp, high education/literacy, high life expectancy, more gender equality
  • ldcs: low hdi, inverse of ^

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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