Unit 7 Study GUide Flashcards
Botany
Study of plants
Agriculture
Growing plants and animals for human use
Cultivar
Variety of plant with at least one distinguishing characteristic that sets it apart from others
How many of the 350,000 plant species are used for food
10,000
Plants are the main _____ for humans
food
Cereals:
grasses that contain grains
Root Crops
roots or tubers that are rich in carbs
Legumes
Members of the pea family, bear seeds in pods
Why are legumes so important to other crops
They fix nitrogen in the soil
what is the most important Legume
Soybean
Fruits
Flowering plants that usually contain seeds
Vegetables
Food derived from the leaves, stems, seeds, and roots of nonwoody plants
Nuts
Dry, hard fruit that does not split open to release its seed
Spices
Come from plant parts other than the leafe and are tropical
Herbs
Come from leaves and can be grown anywhere
Flaborings
Seperate catagory and include foods such as chocolate and coconut
Current Status
Worldwide, fairly good
What are several threats to food production
Famine Loss of agricultural land Government control Food Safety Impacts on Pollinators
aspirin
Worlds most widely used medicine
seed
embryo surrounded by a protective coating
Spore
Haploid reproductive cells surrounded by hard outer walls
Vascular Tissue
Supports plant and transports water
Xylem
Part of vascular tissue that carries water and nutrients
Phloem
Part of vascular tissue that carries compounds and nutrients
Cuticle
a waxy protective covering of plants that prevents water loss
Nonvascular
No vascular tissue, true roots, stems, and leaves
3 Phyla total
Vascular
Have vascular tissue, true roots, stems and leaves
9 Phyla total
Can be either seedless or seed bearing
Angiosperms
Biggest plant phyla
Diploid
Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid
cells that have 1 set of chromosome
seedless
Plants that do not bear seeds, usually produce spores
seed bearing
Bearing seeds
Gymnosperms
Produce naked seeds
Angiosperms
The flowering plants. Flowers work in some ways like cones do for Gymnosperms
Conifers
Cone bearing trees that do not loose their leaves
Monocot Characteristics
ONe Cotyledon in seed Root xylem and phloem in a ring Vascular bundles scattered in stem Leaf veins form in a parallel pattern Flower parts in threes and multiple of three
Dicots
Two cotyledons in seed Root Phloem between arms of xylem Vascular bundles in distinct ring Leaf veins form from a net pattern Flowering parts in fours or fives
what is the largest single flower
Rotting Corpse Lilly
What is the smallest flowering plant
Duckweed
Parenchyma cells
Loosely packed or elongated cells, found throughout the plant, form bulk of nonwoody plants
Collenchyma cells
Thicker irregular cells found beneath epidermis in young leaves, in leaf veins
Sclerenchyma cells
Thick rigid cells found in fibers in wood, bark, and leaves
Involved in plant support and strengthening where plant no longer growing
Dermal tissue system
Protection and prevention of water loss along with gas exchange
Ground tissue system
Photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support, protection
Vascular tissue system
Transport of water and minerals, transport of food
WHere is the vascular tissue system located
In a central column
Where is the ground tissue system located
Surrounding the vascular tissue and internal to the epidermis
What type of tissue are the veins in leaves
Vascular tissue
Epidermis
Outer layer made of Parenchyma cells
Cuticle
waxy layer that covers epidermis, prevents water loss
Stomata
Openings in leaf and stem epidermis that regulate passage of gasses and moisture
Where does plant growth originate
Meristems regions where cells continueously divide
How do plants grow in length
Primary growth produced by apical and intercalary meristems
Growth in diameter
Secondary growth, produced by lateral meristems
Meristems
produce new cells
Apical meristems
Located at root and shoot tips
Lateral meristems
Replaces epidermis with secondary dermal tissue
Roots
Anchor the plant in the soil absorb and transport water and mineral nutrients and store water and organic compounds for the plants
Taproot
The largest root of the plant, do not grow very deeply
Fibrous
in plants where primary roots do not grow large, many small roots that branch out ex. Grasses
Adventitious
Specialized roots that grow from uncommon places such as to support plant or obtain water and nutrients from the air
Root hairs
extensions of epidermal cells that increase the surface area of root and thus plant’s ability to absorb water and minerals from soil
what are functions of a root
absorption of Macronutrients and micronutrients Transportation Anchoring Storage of carbs and water\ Growth
Rhizomes
underground perennial stems such as in ferns
Stolons
grow along soil surface, produce new plants
Tuber
Underground modified for storing energy as starch
Succulent
Green fleshy stems that store water and carry out photosynthesis
Thorns
Protective spines
Corms
in certain bulb flowers such as crocuses gladioli, cyclamens; store nutrients so plant can survive winter or drought
Parasitic
strange other plants
node
space where each leaf is attached
Internode
The space between nodes is called
Bud
new shoot system
Terminal bud
The tip of each stem
Stem Functions
Support Keep the leaves in the light Flower and fruit holder Storage of fluids and nutrients Transport fluids between roots and shoots
Tendrill
Modified leaf such as found in peas and other vines, that wraps around other objects and supports the vine
Tubular leaves
A leaf modification where water is trapped in leaves to lure insects or small animals so the plant can then digest the bodies for nutrients missing in the soil
Spines/Prickles
protect plant from being eaten
Bulb
An underground mass of fleshy storage leaves
Dermal tissues
Epidermis, containing single layer of cells coated with impermeable cuticle.
Ground Tissues
Located between epidermis layers, made of mesophyll site of most photosynthesis, 2 types: palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll
Vascular tissue
Composed of veins which lie embedded in mesophyll
Leaf Functions
Site of photosynthesis
Capturing light
Gas exchange
Pistil
female part of flower
Stamen
Male part of a flower
endosperm
Tissue which nourishes the embryo
Fruit
A mature ovary
Are seeds living
Yes
How ways seeds are spread
Animals Fruits Humans Wind Tumbleweeds Water Gravity Propulsion
Cotyledons
In all seeds the embryo has one or more seed leaves
Seed germination
Seed to plant
Dormancy
Seeds waiting to germinate state of reduce metabolism where growth and development does not occur
Conditions needed for germination
Water, oxygen, light, correct temperature
