Chapter 10 DNA RNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
Who studied bacteria and was trying to create a vaccine against a disease causing bacteria
Frederick Griffith
Virulent
Disease causing strand of the bacterium
What did Griffith use in his experiments
Two strands of S. Pneumoniae bacterium
What did Griffith conclude from his experiments
That heat killed virulent bacterial cells release a hereditary factor that transfers the disease causing ability to the live harmless cells
Transformation
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another from one organism to another organism
Who tested whether the transformation agent in Griffiths experiment was Protein RNA or DNA
Oswald Avery
Who set out to test whether DNA protein was the hereditary material viruses transfer
Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey
Bacteriophages
Viruses that infect bacteria
What did Hershey and Chase conclude
Dna is the Hereditary molecule in viruses
Who collabed with Francis Crick to determine the structure of DNA
James Watson
When did Wat. and Crick win the Nobel Prize
1962
Nucleotide
Two long chains that make up DNA, each with a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
The five carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide is called deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base
It is the sugar and phosphate group in all DNA nucleotides (A, G, T, C)
What are the nucleotide bases that hold DNA together
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Altered Gametes Can Turn
Purines
Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (A & G)
Pyrimidines
Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon (T & C)
Who observed that the percentage of Adenine equals the percentage of thymine
Erwin Chargaff
Base pairing
When two bases pair to hold the DNA together
Complementary base pairs
In DNA one strand pairs with the opposite strand, cytosine on one strand pairs with guanine on the opp. strand
Base Sequence
The order of Nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA
Adenine goes with
Thymine (Ash and Thermite)
Cytosine goes with
Guanine (Capito and Gu mines)
DNA replication
The process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis
Helicases
Enzymes that separate DNA strands
Replication Forks
The Y shaped region that results when the two strands separate
DNA Polymerases
Enzymes that add complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands
Semi Conservative replication
When a DNA double helix forms : one strand from original and one strand is new.
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
Transcription
DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA
Translation
RNA directs the assembly of proteins
Protein synthesis
Forming proteins based on information in DNA carried out by RNA
Ribose
The sugar inside RNA
Messenger RNA
A single stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Type of RNA which is part of the structure of Ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
RNA polymarase
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template
Promoter
A specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription
Termination signal
A specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
Genetic Code
the term for the rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases
Codon
A three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that signifies a start or stop signal
anticodon
Three nucleotides on the RNA that are complementary to the sequences of a codon in mRNA
Genome
The entire gene sequence or content
