UNIT 6 Study Guide Flashcards
Prokaryotes
SIngle celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus
Peptidoglycan
Chemical that Archeal cell walls do not contain
Methanogens
Bacteria that convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane gas.
Halophiles
Salt-loving archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations
Thermoacidophiles
Archea that lives in very acidic environments that have very high temperatures
Bacilli
Rod-shaped bacteria
Cocci
Sphere shaped bacteria
Spirilla
Spiral-shaped bacteria
Streptococci
A group of cocci occurring in a chain
Staphylococci
Grapelike clusters of cocci
Capsule
Protective layer of the cell, lik a pill capsule
Cell wall
Protects the cell and gives the cell it’s shape
Cell membrane
Regulates the types of molecules that move in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm
Contains DNA, ribosomes, and orgenelles
Chromosome
Genes that carry information from one generation to the next
Plasmid
Carries genes that are transferred through through genetic recombination
Endospore
Contains DNA; is thick coated resistant structure
How do bacteria reproduce?
Prokaryotes reproduce with binary fission.
Transformation
Occurs when a prokaryote takes in DNA from its outside environment
Conjugation
The process of which two prokaryotes bind together and cell transfers dna between them
Transduction
When a virus obtains small parts of DNA from a host Prokaryote
Pathology
The scientific study of disease
Exotoxins
Toxic substances that bacteria secrete into the environment
Endotoxins
Toxic substances made of Lipids and carbohydrates
Antibiotic resistance
The evolution of populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill
zoonosis
A disease that can pass from animals to humans
Anthrax
An illness effecting lungs, skin or intestines. Bacteria
Botulism
Nerve illness, bacteria
Cholera
Intestine illness, bacteria
Dental caries
Teeth and gums, bacteria
Gonorrhea
Urethra, bacteria
Lyme disease
skin, joints, and heart bacteria
Food poisoning
Intestine illness, bacteria
Tetanus
Nerve cells at synapses, bacteria
Staph infection
Skin, soft tissue, lungs, and blood, bacteria
Virus
A nonliving particle made up of nucleic acid and protein coat or nucleic acid and lipid protein coat
Capsid
the only layer surrounding some viruses
Envelope
A bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsids
How are viruses characterized
Viruses are classified by whether they have RNA or DNA as their genome and whether their genome is single stranded or double stranded and linear or circular
How do Viruses replicate
Viruses enter a host cell and can infect certain prokaryotes and cells and hijacks the mechanisms of the cell to make new viruses
Provirus
The inserted viral DNA in a cell by the virus
How do DNA viruses replicate
DNA viruses inject their DNA into the host cell, which makes mRNA, which then translate into viral protein, which can form together to make new viruses
How do RNA viruses replicate
The virus inserts int’s genome directly into the cell, using its own genome as the template for mRNA, which can produce more viral structures
bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
retroviruses
RNA viruses that contain the enzyme revers transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase
Using RNA as a template to make DNA which then inserts into the host cell’s genome
Prophage
Phage DNA that is integrated into a specific site of the Host cell’s chromosome
oncogenes
genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction
Emerging diseases
Illnesses caused by new or reappearing infectious agents that typically exit in animal populations
What are the characteristics of viruses
They are non-living and lack metabolism, cytoplasm, membrane-bound organelles, or Homeostasis
What are some virus caused diseases
Papoviruses Adenoviruses Herpevirus Poxivirus Picornavirus Orthomyxovirus Retroiruses Coronaviruses
Vector
An intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or parasite to another organism
Protists
SIngle celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom
What are the structures of Protists
Protists are made of eukaryotic cells, each containing a nucleus and other organelles. Most protists contain mitochondria and chloroplasts
What are the three categories of protists
Animal-like, Plant-like, and Fungus-like
Binary fission
When a single protist divides into two
Flagella
whiplike filaments that move protists through the water
amoeboid movement
The process of expelling cytoplasm and absorbing it back into the cell moving forward in the process
Cilia
SHort hairlike cytoplasmic projections that line the cell membrane
Pellicle
A clear elastic layer of protien surrounding the cell membrane
Oral groove
A mouth like pore that is sorounded by the pellicle which moves food into the mouth pore
Mouth pore
The entrance of food into the gullet
Gullet
An almost lysomic structure which acts as a sstomach
Anal pore
The waste exit point of protists
Micronucleus
The smaller nucleus that participates in conjugation
algae
Autotrophic protists
What are characteristics of fungus
Eukaryotic, nonphoyosynthetic, multicellular heterotrophs
What is the structure of fungus
Filiments of fungi called hyphae, and the cell walls of hyphae contain chitin, a polysacharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects.
Mycelium
A mat of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus
Dimorphism
The ability to exist in two different forms
How do Fungi reproduce
Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells. WHen the cells find a suitable enviroment, they begin to germinate
Sexually, fungi mate with their oppisite by fusing their hyphae which then scatter froma special structure
Septa
Divided sections containing hyphae
mycorrhiza
A symbiotic structure formed around plant roots
Beneficial fungi
Penicillium, yeast
Photoheterotroph
Bacteria that uses light energy but gets its carbon from other organisms
Chemoheterotroph
Obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms
Photoautotroph
Uses light energy and gets carbon from Co2
Chemoautotroph
extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses Co2 as a carbon source
How do Archaea differ from Bacteria
Archaea differ in the makeup of their cell walls. They also differ in their membrane lipids as well as their genetics and metabolisms
Obligate anaerobes
organisms that cannot live in environments with oxygen
Amebiasis
Severe diarrhea, fever- protist
Sleeping Sickness
Swollen Lymph nodes, severe headaches - protist
Leishmaniasis
Skin sores, swollen glands, fever- Protist
Malaria
Protist carried by mosquitoes that can cause severe chills, headaches, and fatigue
Athlete’s foot
fluid filled blisters, scaly skin, itching -fungus
Ringworm
Ring shaped skin lesion- fungus
Candidiasis
Burning sensation, itching, thick discharge- fungus
Tinea cruris (Jock itch)
Intense itching, ring shaped lesions- fungus
Histoplasmosis
Fever, chills headache, body ache - fungus
What are the 5 main categories of bacteria
Proteobacteria, Gram- positive bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Spirochetes, Chlamydia (P.G.C.S.C- Poor Ganandorf Cant Save Chrom)
