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HS Biology > UNIT 6 Study Guide > Flashcards

UNIT 6 Study Guide Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

SIngle celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

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2
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Chemical that Archeal cell walls do not contain

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3
Q

Methanogens

A

Bacteria that convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane gas.

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4
Q

Halophiles

A

Salt-loving archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations

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5
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A

Archea that lives in very acidic environments that have very high temperatures

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6
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

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7
Q

Cocci

A

Sphere shaped bacteria

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8
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

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9
Q

Streptococci

A

A group of cocci occurring in a chain

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10
Q

Staphylococci

A

Grapelike clusters of cocci

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11
Q

Capsule

A

Protective layer of the cell, lik a pill capsule

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects the cell and gives the cell it’s shape

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13
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates the types of molecules that move in and out of the cell

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains DNA, ribosomes, and orgenelles

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

Genes that carry information from one generation to the next

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16
Q

Plasmid

A

Carries genes that are transferred through through genetic recombination

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17
Q

Endospore

A

Contains DNA; is thick coated resistant structure

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18
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Prokaryotes reproduce with binary fission.

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19
Q

Transformation

A

Occurs when a prokaryote takes in DNA from its outside environment

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20
Q

Conjugation

A

The process of which two prokaryotes bind together and cell transfers dna between them

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21
Q

Transduction

A

When a virus obtains small parts of DNA from a host Prokaryote

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22
Q

Pathology

A

The scientific study of disease

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23
Q

Exotoxins

A

Toxic substances that bacteria secrete into the environment

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24
Q

Endotoxins

A

Toxic substances made of Lipids and carbohydrates

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25
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

The evolution of populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill

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26
Q

zoonosis

A

A disease that can pass from animals to humans

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27
Q

Anthrax

A

An illness effecting lungs, skin or intestines. Bacteria

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28
Q

Botulism

A

Nerve illness, bacteria

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29
Q

Cholera

A

Intestine illness, bacteria

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30
Q

Dental caries

A

Teeth and gums, bacteria

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31
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Urethra, bacteria

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32
Q

Lyme disease

A

skin, joints, and heart bacteria

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33
Q

Food poisoning

A

Intestine illness, bacteria

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34
Q

Tetanus

A

Nerve cells at synapses, bacteria

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35
Q

Staph infection

A

Skin, soft tissue, lungs, and blood, bacteria

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36
Q

Virus

A

A nonliving particle made up of nucleic acid and protein coat or nucleic acid and lipid protein coat

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37
Q

Capsid

A

the only layer surrounding some viruses

38
Q

Envelope

A

A bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsids

39
Q

How are viruses characterized

A

Viruses are classified by whether they have RNA or DNA as their genome and whether their genome is single stranded or double stranded and linear or circular

40
Q

How do Viruses replicate

A

Viruses enter a host cell and can infect certain prokaryotes and cells and hijacks the mechanisms of the cell to make new viruses

41
Q

Provirus

A

The inserted viral DNA in a cell by the virus

42
Q

How do DNA viruses replicate

A

DNA viruses inject their DNA into the host cell, which makes mRNA, which then translate into viral protein, which can form together to make new viruses

43
Q

How do RNA viruses replicate

A

The virus inserts int’s genome directly into the cell, using its own genome as the template for mRNA, which can produce more viral structures

44
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

45
Q

retroviruses

A

RNA viruses that contain the enzyme revers transcriptase

46
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Using RNA as a template to make DNA which then inserts into the host cell’s genome

47
Q

Prophage

A

Phage DNA that is integrated into a specific site of the Host cell’s chromosome

48
Q

oncogenes

A

genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction

49
Q

Emerging diseases

A

Illnesses caused by new or reappearing infectious agents that typically exit in animal populations

50
Q

What are the characteristics of viruses

A

They are non-living and lack metabolism, cytoplasm, membrane-bound organelles, or Homeostasis

51
Q

What are some virus caused diseases

A 
Papoviruses        
Adenoviruses
Herpevirus
Poxivirus
Picornavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Retroiruses
Coronaviruses
52
Q

Vector

A

An intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or parasite to another organism

53
Q

Protists

A

SIngle celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom

54
Q

What are the structures of Protists

A

Protists are made of eukaryotic cells, each containing a nucleus and other organelles. Most protists contain mitochondria and chloroplasts

55
Q

What are the three categories of protists

A

Animal-like, Plant-like, and Fungus-like

56
Q

Binary fission

A

When a single protist divides into two

57
Q

Flagella

A

whiplike filaments that move protists through the water

58
Q

amoeboid movement

A

The process of expelling cytoplasm and absorbing it back into the cell moving forward in the process

59
Q

Cilia

A

SHort hairlike cytoplasmic projections that line the cell membrane

60
Q

Pellicle

A

A clear elastic layer of protien surrounding the cell membrane

61
Q

Oral groove

A

A mouth like pore that is sorounded by the pellicle which moves food into the mouth pore

62
Q

Mouth pore

A

The entrance of food into the gullet

63
Q

Gullet

A

An almost lysomic structure which acts as a sstomach

64
Q

Anal pore

A

The waste exit point of protists

65
Q

Micronucleus

A

The smaller nucleus that participates in conjugation

66
Q

algae

A

Autotrophic protists

67
Q

What are characteristics of fungus

A

Eukaryotic, nonphoyosynthetic, multicellular heterotrophs

68
Q

What is the structure of fungus

A

Filiments of fungi called hyphae, and the cell walls of hyphae contain chitin, a polysacharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects.

69
Q

Mycelium

A

A mat of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus

70
Q

Dimorphism

A

The ability to exist in two different forms

71
Q

How do Fungi reproduce

A

Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells. WHen the cells find a suitable enviroment, they begin to germinate

Sexually, fungi mate with their oppisite by fusing their hyphae which then scatter froma special structure

72
Q

Septa

A

Divided sections containing hyphae

73
Q

mycorrhiza

A

A symbiotic structure formed around plant roots

74
Q

Beneficial fungi

A

Penicillium, yeast

75
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Bacteria that uses light energy but gets its carbon from other organisms

76
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms

77
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Uses light energy and gets carbon from Co2

78
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses Co2 as a carbon source

79
Q

How do Archaea differ from Bacteria

A

Archaea differ in the makeup of their cell walls. They also differ in their membrane lipids as well as their genetics and metabolisms

80
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that cannot live in environments with oxygen

81
Q

Amebiasis

A

Severe diarrhea, fever- protist

82
Q

Sleeping Sickness

A

Swollen Lymph nodes, severe headaches - protist

83
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Skin sores, swollen glands, fever- Protist

84
Q

Malaria

A

Protist carried by mosquitoes that can cause severe chills, headaches, and fatigue

85
Q

Athlete’s foot

A

fluid filled blisters, scaly skin, itching -fungus

86
Q

Ringworm

A

Ring shaped skin lesion- fungus

87
Q

Candidiasis

A

Burning sensation, itching, thick discharge- fungus

88
Q

Tinea cruris (Jock itch)

A

Intense itching, ring shaped lesions- fungus

89
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Fever, chills headache, body ache - fungus

90
Q

What are the 5 main categories of bacteria

A

Proteobacteria, Gram- positive bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Spirochetes, Chlamydia (P.G.C.S.C- Poor Ganandorf Cant Save Chrom)

HS Biology (10 decks)

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