Chapter 11 Gene Expression Flashcards
Gene expression
The activation or turning on of a gene that results transcription and prod. of mRNA
Genome
The complete genetic material contained in an individual
Where did Scientists first study gene expression
Prokaryotes
What does lactose act as in E. Coli
Disaccharide or promoter
Structural Gene
Genes that code for polypeptides
Promoter
DNA segment that is recognized by the enzyme RNA Polymerase
Operator
DNA segment that serves as a kind of switch
Operon
Series of genes that code for specific products and the regulatory elements that control these genes
Repressor protien
A protein that inhibits genes from being expressed
Regulator genes
Genes that code for Repressor Proteins
What happens when lactose is present in an E. Coli cell
Lactose binds to the repressor proteins
Inducer
A molecule that initiates gene expression
Euchromatin
The site of active transcription of DNA into RNA
Introns
Sections of a structure gene that are transcribed but are not translated
Extrons
The sections of a structural gene that when expressed are transcribed and translated
Where does transcription occur in Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Pre-mRNA
A form of messenger RNA that contains both introns and extrons
Transcription factors
Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes
Enhancers
Transcription factors that bind sequences of DNA
Cell differentiation
development of cells that have specialized functions
Homeotic genes
Regulatory genes that determine where certain anatomical structures
Homeobox
DNA sequence within a homeotic gene
Proto oncogenes
Can regulate cell growth, cell division
Oncogene
A gene that can cause uncontrolled cell profilliation
Tumor
An abnormal proliferation of cells
Cancer
Uncontrolled growth of cells that can invade other parts of the body
Tumor-Suppressor genes
Genes that act as “brakes” to suppress tumor formation
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
Carcinogen
Any substance that can induce or promote cancer
Carcinomas
Grow in the skin and the tissues that line the organs of the body
Sarcomas
Grow in bone and muscle tissue
Lymphomas
Solid tumors that grow in the tissues of the lymphatic system
Leukemia
The uncontrolled production of white blood cells
