Unit 7 - Perspectives and Political Developments Flashcards
What are the key political ideologies in the 19th century?
Liberalism, Nationalism, Conservatism, Socialism.
What are the key advancements in the Age of Progress and Modernity?
Growth in industry, technology, urbanizing technology.
New theories in physics, chemistry, biology, Darwin’s theory of evolution, germ theory, and Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Telegraph, steam engine, railroad, electricity.
What were the motivations behind European imperialism in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?
Economic: need to raw materials ➡️ expansion
Political: Imperialism providing power, prestige, global influence➡️the scramble for africa
Cultural: “civilizing missions” and the “white man’s burden”
7.4 Social Darwinism
What was the idea of a “civilizing mission” and what was it’s role in imperialism?
Anna
It was the idea that more civilized countries (like those in Europe) had a responsibility to help other countries so imperialism was a way of carrying out that goal and this ideology served as justification.
7.2 Nationalism
Who were the main figures of Italian Nationalism?
Anna
- Camillo Benso di Cavour-prime minister of Sardinia
- Guiseppe Garibaldi-unified southern Italy with red shirts
- Victor Emmanuel II-King of Sardinia and later of the newly unified Italy
7.6 New Imperialism
Who was King Leopold II and what was his role in imperialism?
Anna
He was king of Belgium and he was granted a section of Africa which he called the Congo Free State during the Berlin Conference that he ruled over with cruel, harsh treatment of its inhabitants.
7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions
What is Realpolitik and how was it used during German Unification?
Zach Brown
Realpolitik is the calculation of real-world conditions, and using them to make political decisions. Otto von Bismarck used this strategy to build the German army and eventually to unite all of Germany.
7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods
What was the Berlin Conference and what effect did it have on imperialism?
Zach Brown
Held in 1884, the Berlin Conference allowed European leaders to divide Africa as they pleased, without the input of African leaders. It also established the need for “effective occupation” for a colony to be official.
7.7 Imperialism’s Global Effects
What were the Opium Wars and why were they important?
Zach Brown
The Opium Wars began when the Chinese government tried to stop the British from bringing Indian-grown opium into China. When China lost the wars, they were required to give Europe more trading rights, and that ended Chinese trading seclusion.
7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions
What was Risorgimento?
Jaelyn Yu
Referring to Italian unification and the political and social movements connected to it in the mid-19th century. Failed, but paved way for Garibaldi and Count of Cavour.
7.7 Imperialism’s Global Effects
What was a response to British imperialism in India?
Jaelyn Yu
The Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 against the British East India Company, ending in defeat.
7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods
Who were the major leaders of the Berlin Conference?
Jaelyn Yu
Otto van Bismark of Germany, King Leopold II of Belgium, and Jules Ferry of France.
7.3
What was Otto Von Bismarks’s strategy for German Unification?
Kyanna
He used realpolitik, diplomacy, and military force (blood and iron), to unite German speaking states under Prussian leadership.
7.4
How did Social Darwinism justify imperialism?
Kyanna
It used Darwin’s studies of natural selection and applied it to humans. It highlights that Europeans were superior and destined to naturally rule over “weaker” peoples.
What was Zionism?
Abe
Zionism was the movement that was aimed at Jews moving to their own country, Palestine, to escape the oppression they found in most European states.
What was Positivism?
Abe
Positivism was the belief that the only way to gain knowledge of the world was through scientific experiments and mathematics and that nothing could be assumed.
How did Great Britain take hold of China and keep it at Britain’s mercy? What was the result of this exploitation?
Abe
Britain introduced Opium to China, effectively getting a lot of Chinese people addicted to it and, therefore, creating a demand. They used this demand to start markets for Opium in China dnd used the addicted Chinese as their buyers. A result of this was the Opium Wars in which Britain fought China for access to free trade of Opium in China and eventually received some land from their victories, which was Hong Kong.
How did Bismarck influence German Unification?
Jonah
Bismarck used military strategy and logic to persuade German political leaders. He also led wars against Austria to unify German states under Prussian influence.
How was social Darwinism used to fuel imperialism?
Jonah
Social Darwinism justified imperialism, claiming that lesser civilizations needed to be “civilized”, granting access to colonization.
What was the Sepoy rebellion?
Jonah
The Sepoy Rebellion or the Great Rebellion was an uprising of Sepoys in the British colony of India, sparked by alleged cow/pig fat on ammunition.
What is Schleiswig-Holstein and how did it effect Bismarck’s unification of Germany?
Liam
Schleiswig-Holstein are contested states between Denmark and Germany on the Jutland peninsula which before 1864 were under the increasing power of the Danish monarchs. Bismarck wanted to incorporate Schleiswig-Holstein because of its shared national identity through Protestantism. The Danish-Prussian war was brief and contributed to growing nationalism in Germany from foreign wars.
What is Positivism and how did it influence European scientific development during the 19th century?
Liam
Positivism is the belief that all rational things can eventually be discovered through science and mathematics. This influenced scientific development through encouraging studies into the most mysterious parts of the universe at the time, radiation, the atom, x-rays.
How did the Berlin conference shape rivalries between European powers in Africa after 1886?
Liam
The Berlin conference established the principle that European powers could claim territory in Africa by having a physical presence in the territory, Military ie: Britain, France, Economic: Leopold II: rubber plantations and trading posts. This sparked a scramble for Africa which resulted in many expeditions for land and incidents such as the Fashoda incedent in 1898 when a British force encountered a French claimed fort on the nile in Sudan that resulted in a military standoff. Imperial rivalry never resulted in outright war on the African continent.
What is romanticism and how was it affected by Nationalism?
Riley B.
Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment rationalism and was focused on emotion, nostalgia, nature and introspection. It helped portray key figures of a country in a glorified nature, creating a sense of pride and identity based on culture.
What was the Boer War and why is it important?
Riley B.
The Boer War was a war that was fought between Britain and Afrikaners (Southern African group that descended from Dutch settlers). The Afrikaners rebelled against Britain’s growing control of the region. This war lasted from 1899-1902 and it resulted in South Africa’s defeat. The Boers had to accept British sovereignty.
What were the Boer wars?
Conall V
It was a war in South Africa between Dutch Settlers (the Boers) who had lived in South Africa for a long time and the British army
Who was Otto Von Bismark
Conall Verley
The chancellor of Germany. He united Prussia Austria and Hungry and utilized realpolitik to create strong alliances with other nations, notably Italy and Russia.
Who applied Darwins theory of evolution to humanity? (Social Darwinism)
Conall Verley
Herbert Spencer
How did the Suez Canal help with Britain expansion?
Riley B.
The Suez Canal was built by Britain and France in 1869. It allowed for British ships to cross through Egypt, which created a much faster route rather than going around Africa. Britain was able to reach India faster and gain almost complete control over it.
What was the Franco Prussian War?
Jameson
The Franco Prussian war around 1870 was a conflict between France and Prussia, with a decisive Prussian victory thanks to Bismarck’s military strength, this conflict was one of the final stepping stones to German unification.
What was the Austro Prussian War and its consequences?
Jameson
The conflict in 1866 between Austria and Prussia over growing tensions between the two states resulted in a decisive Prussian victory, ending Austrian influence in Germany and offering anotehr step to German Unification.
What effect did the Concert of Europe’s end have on nationalism and why did it end?
Jameson
The end of the concert of Europe as a result of growing european tensions marked the end of conservative power over the continent opening the door for nationalists to inspire revolutions in their countries. The concert’s main cause for termination was the Crimean war which pitted contributors against eachother.
What were the 1848 revolutions and why were they significant?
Brooke
They were a series of uprisings across Europe which brought reform, but little to no lasting change
How did the rise of Romanitcism influence politics and culture?
Brooke
Romanticism emphasized emotion and individualism, which went aginst the Enligtenments ideals of reason
What was the significance of the opium wars?
Brooke
The Opium wars increased Britains influence in China
What were some of the major technological advancements that helped imperialists in Africa?
Cole
The maxim gun, quinine, and increasead transportation.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
It was an anti foreigner rebellion in China from 1899 to 1901 against European Imperialism.
What were the key elements of Impressionist Art?
Modern life, leisure, and other middle class or lower class life with loose brush strokes and contrasting colors.
Who were the major figures involved in the German unification?
Bismarck, Wilhelm
Which major European power supported Cavour in his war against Austria?
France
Why did the Britains esatablish the opium trade with China?
The British tea imports caused a major trade imbalance between China and Great Britain.
