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AP Psychology > Unit 7 - Personality > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life

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2
Q

character

A

value judgements made about a person’s morals or ethical behavior

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3
Q

temperament

A

enduring characteristics with which each person is born, such as irritability or adaptability

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4
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

Freud; focuses on role of unconscious mind in the development of personality; heavily focuses on biological causes of personality differences

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5
Q

behaviorist perspective

A

based on theories of learning; focuses on effect of environment on behavior and includes aspects of social cognitive theory in that interactions with others and personal thought processes also influence learning and personality

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6
Q

humanistic perspective

A

reaction against psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives; focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development

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7
Q

trait perspective

A

concerned with the end result (opposite of other perspectives)

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8
Q

Freud’s 3 parts of the mind

A

preconscious
conscious
unconscious (most important)

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9
Q

Freud’s 3 parts of personality

A

id
ego
superego

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10
Q

id

A

nature, biological drives/desires; completely unconscious; pleasure principle

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11
Q

ego

A

peacemaker between id and superego; reality principle; conscious and unconscious

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12
Q

superego

A

nurture, rules, society; morality principle; both conscious and unconscious

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13
Q

pleasure principle

A

desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences

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14
Q

reality principle

A

need to satisfy the demands of the id only in ways that won’t lead to negative consequences

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15
Q

conscience

A

part of personality that makes people feel guilt/moral anxiety when they do the wrong thing

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16
Q

psychosexual stages

A

at each stage a different erogenous zone becomes important and can become the source of conflicts

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17
Q

fixation

A

getting stuck to some degree in a stage of development

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18
Q

oral stage

A

birth to 18 months
mouth
weaning
fixation –> dependent, optimistic, gullible, passive
–> aggressive, pessimistic, sarcastic, hostile

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19
Q

oral stage

A

birth to 18 months
mouth
weaning
fixation –> overindulged: dependent, optimistic, gullible, passive
–> underindulged: aggressive, pessimistic, sarcastic, hostile

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20
Q

phallic stage

A

3 to 6 years
genitals
oedipus/electra complexes: gender roles due to copying same-sex parent
fixation –> boys: reckless, overly self-assured, vain, proud, guilty, relationship problems, homosexual
–> girls: feel inferior to men

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21
Q

phallic stage

A

3 to 6 years
genitals
oedipus/electra complexes: gender roles due to copying same-sex parent
castration anxiety
penis envy
fixation –> boys: reckless, overly self-assured, vain, proud, guilty, relationship problems, homosexual
–> girls: feel inferior to men

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22
Q

genital stage

A

puberty on
genital
goal is to find a significant other –> if can’t find one then have fixation somewhere

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23
Q

castration anxiety

A

boys develop fear of losing penis

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24
Q

penis envy

A

girls want penis

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25
Q

Carl Jung

A

neo-Freudian

believed collective unconscious contained memories of ancient fears

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26
Q

Alfred Alder

A

neo-Freudian

believed that driving force of humans was seeking superiority

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27
Q

Karen Horney

A

neo-Freudian
womb envy (men feel need to compensate for lack of child-bearing ability by striving for success in other areas)
basic anxiety

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28
Q

Erik Erikson

A

emphasized social relationships that are important at every stage of life (8 psychological stages)

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29
Q

pros and cons of Freud’s ideas

A 
pros:
- focuses on childhood experience impact
cons:
- confirmation bias
- no experiments
- limited group of clients (sample bias)
- overly sexual
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30
Q

behaviorists

A

researchers who use principles of conditioning to explain actions and reactions of animals and humans

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31
Q

social cognitive theorists

A

researchers who emphasize influence of social and cognitive factors on learning

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32
Q

habits

A

set of learned experiences

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33
Q

social cognitive view

A

behavior’s governed not only by influence of external stimuli/response patterns but also by cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and learning through imitation of models

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34
Q

Bandura’s 3 factors affecting personality

A

environment
behavior
personal/cognitive factors

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35
Q

reciprocal determination

A

3 factors of environment, behavior, and personal/cognitive factors affect the other 2 in a reciprocal relationship

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36
Q

self-efficacy

A

a person’s expectancy of how effective his/her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

37
Q

self-esteem

A

the positive values a person places on his/her sense of worth

38
Q

Julian Rotter

A

viewed personality as relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations
locus of control
believed expectancy and reinforcement value influenced a person’s decision to act in a certain way given a particular situation

39
Q

locus of control

A

tendency for people to assume that they either have control or don’t have control over events and consequences in their lives
internal - you have control
external - you don’t have control

40
Q

expectancy

A

refers to person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

41
Q

reinforcement value

A

refers to individual’s preference for a particular reinforcer over all other possible reinforcing consequences

42
Q

self-actualizing tendency

A

human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become

43
Q

self-concept

A

development of an image of oneself
made up of:
- real self –> one’s actual perception of characteristics and traits and abilities that form the basis of the striving for self-actualization
- ideal self –> the perception of what one should be or would like to be

44
Q

Carl Rogers

A

believed in self-actualizing tendency

45
Q

self-concept congruence

A

ideal self and real self match = harmony

46
Q

self-concept incongruence

A

ideal self and real self don’t match = anxiety

47
Q

positive regard

A

warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from the significant others in people’s experiences

48
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

love, affection, and respect with no strings attached

49
Q

conditional positive regard

A

love, affection, respect, and warmth that depend (or seem to) on doing what those people want

50
Q

fully functioning person

A

a person who’s in the process of self-actualizing,

51
Q

fully functioning person

A

a person who’s in the process of self-actualizing, actively exploring potentials, abilities, and experiencing a match between the real and ideal selves

52
Q

trait theories

A

concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior based on description of explanation for personality development and changing personality

53
Q

trait

A

consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

54
Q

Gordon Allport

A

believed in 200 traits

trait hierarchy

55
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

2 types of traits:
- surface traits –> represent personality characteristics seen by other people
- source traits –> basic traits that underlie surface traits
16 source traits (16PF)
used factor analysis

56
Q

Robert McCrae + Paul Costa

A

created 5 factor model/big 5

57
Q

big five/five factor model

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neurocitism
58
Q

Openness

A

how you respond to new experiences

59
Q

Conscientiousness

A

how you focus on work/goals

60
Q

Extraversion

A

how you tolerate sensory stimuli

61
Q

Agreeableness

A

how you defer to others

62
Q

Neuroticism

A

how you respond to stress

63
Q

Walter Mischel

A

created trait-situation interaction

64
Q

trait-situation interaction

A

particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed

65
Q

heritability

A

how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences and the extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior

66
Q

Geert Hofstede’s 4 dimensions of cultural personality

A

individualism/collectivism
power distance
masculinity/femininity
uncertainty avoidance

67
Q

Hans Eysenk

A

extroversion, emotionally

68
Q

interview

A

therapists ask questions and note down answers in survey process; unstructured and flows naturally from beginning dialogue between client and psychologist

69
Q

halo effect

A

tendency to remember favorable/unfavorable impression of someone at first meeting so all person’s comments and behavior after are interpreted to agree with the impression

70
Q

projective tests

A

show client ambiguous visual stimuli and ask clients to tell them what they see; hope is that client projects unconscious concerns onto visual stimulus
e.g. rorschach inkblot, TAT, etc.

71
Q

behavioral assessments

A

direct observation, rating scale, frequency count

72
Q

direct observation

A

psychologist observes client engaging in ordinary/everyday behavior in natural settings

73
Q

rating scale

A

numerical rating is assigned for specific behaviors

74
Q

frequency count

A

assessor counts frequency of behaviors within time limit

75
Q

personality inventory/objective test

A

questionnaire that has standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers
e.g. 16PF, MMPI, Myers-Briggs, etc.

76
Q

validity scales

A

intended to indicate whether or not a person taking the inventory is responding honestly

77
Q

compensation

A

emphasizing personal strengths in one area to shift focus from failure in another area

78
Q

denial

A

refusing to accept an obvious situation because of the emotional pain it causes

79
Q

displacement

A

taking out one’s anger or frustration on a person or object that is not the cause of the offense

80
Q

identification

A

associating with people or groups that are of higher status in order to increase your own status

81
Q

intellectualization

A

describing painful or emotional personal events in abstract academic or philosophical terms

82
Q

Projection

A

casting the feelings you have onto another person; blaming another person for the feelings you have

83
Q

Rationalization

A

making logical excuses for illogical or unacceptable behavior

84
Q

Reaction Formation

A

replacing feelings that are socially or personally unacceptable with opposing emotions that are acceptable

85
Q

Regression

A

reverting to childlike behavior to get the attention you got when you were younger or to get your way

86
Q

Repression

A

unconsciously forgetting information that is too painful to recall

87
Q

Sublimation

A

using acceptable activities such as exercise as a substitute for sexual energies

88
Q

Passive Aggressiveness

A

“unassertive” expression of negative sentiments

89
Q

barnum effect

A

if you give someone a description that is a little positive and you tell them it was made specifically for them, they will believe it

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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