Unit 3 - Learning Flashcards
Reinforcement
anything that when following a response increases the likelihood that the response will occur again
Learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Maturation
change due to genetic blueprint/biology
Ivan Pavlov
- pioneered the empirical study on the basic principles of classical conditioning
- salivating dogs experiment
Reflex
an unlearned, involuntary response that is not under personal control or choice
Stimulus
any object, event, or experience that causes a response
Response
reaction of an organism
Classical Conditioning
learning to elicit an involuntary, reflex-like, response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response
UCS –> UCR
food –> salivation
NS + UCS –> UCR
metronome + food –> salivation
CS –> CR
metronome –> salivation
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
original, naturally occurring stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
automatic and involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
originally has no effect on response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus; it is learned
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to conditioned stimulus
Acquisition
repeated pairing of NS and UCS; organism is in process of learning
CR vs UCR
CR is weaker than UCR because the UCR is the original and the CR is learned
Basic Principles About Classical Conditioning
- NS/CS comes before UCS
- CS and UCS come very close together in time
- NS paired with USC many times before conditioning can take place
- CS is distinctive stimulus; it stands out from other competing stimuli
Similar Sounds vs OG Sound in Classical Conditioning
- strength of response to similar stimuli is not as strong as to OG stimulus
- more similar the stimulus is to the OG stimulus, more similar the strength of response to OG stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS
Stimulus Discrimination
occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways
Extinction
CS no longer causes CR
Spontaneous Recovery
CR reappears when original CS returns, although response is weak and short-lived
High-Order Conditioning
Occurs when strong CS is paired with NS; strong CS plays part of UCS and NS becomes second CS
John B. Watson
- behaviorist
- little Albert experiment (baby trained to have phobia of rat by pairing it with loud/scary sound)
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
some of easiest forms of classical conditioning; life is full of them
Vicarious Conditioning
learn by watching someone else respond to a stimulus
Conditioned Taste Aversion
won’t eat food that is associated with a bad experience; exception to rule that learning takes place over several trials/experiences
- mammals: biologically prepared to associate taste with illness
- birds: biologically prepared to associate visual characteristics with illness
Pavlov’s Stimulus Substitution
believed that CS, through association close in time with UCS, came to activate the same place in the brain that was originally activated by UCS
Robert Rescorla
found that CS had to provide some kind of information about the coming of the UCS to achieve conditioning
Cognitive Perspective
mental activity of consciously expecting something to occur
Fear and Classical Conditioning
conditioned response to fear can be stronger that the unconditioned response because fear is biological and necessary to survive
Operant Conditioning
kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior
Edward L. Thorndike
one of the first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of learning voluntary responses (puzzle boxes)
Law of Effect
if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated; if an action is followed by an unpleasant response, it will tend not to be repeated
B.F. Skinner
- behaviorist
- discovered reinforcement using Skinner boxes/operant conditioning chambers
Reinforcers
- items/events that when following a response will strengthen it
- 2 kinds: primary and secondary