Unit 10 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
extrinsic motivation
person performs action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from the person
intrinsic motivation
person performs action because act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner
primary drives
involve survival needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
secondary/acquired drives
learned through experience or conditioning (money, social approval, etc.)
homeostasis
tendency of the body to remain a steady rate
homeostasis –> need –> drive –> action –> homeostasis
need for affiliation
psychological need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
need for achievement
strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
self-transcendence (identity/meaning beyond self)
self-actualization
esteem needs (self-esteem, recognition, status)
social needs (sense of belonging, love)
safety needs (security, protection)
physiological needs (hunger, thirst)
interactionist
uses multiple paradigms
stimulus motive
appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation (curiosity, playing, exploration, etc.)
arousal theory
people have an optimal level of tension
Yerkes-Dodson law
relationship between task performance and arousal
task performances may suffer if level of arousal is too high (severe testing anxiety) or too low (boredom)
fixed action patterns
complex set of behaviors that are passed down through generations (birds migrating)
HUMANS DO NOT DO THIS BECAUSE WE ADAPT
opponent process
opposing highs and lows is how people get addicted (caffeine)
motivation
set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually towards a goal
overjustification effect
when you add extrinsic motivation, you tend to “suck out” the intrinsic motivation
sensation seeker
person who needs more arousal
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
incentive approaches
behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
peak experiences
times in a person’s life in which self-actualization is achieved
self-determination theory
autonomy, competence, and relatedness help people gain a complete sense of self and whole, healthy relationships with others
autonomy - need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goal (self-determination)
competence - need to be able to master challenging tasks in one’s life
relatedness - need to feel sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
theory x
assumes people... - are lazy - need extrinsic incentives - need close supervision - need structure TASK LEADERSHIP
theory y
assumes people... - are self-motivated - seek out achievement - need freedom of choice SOCIAL LEADERSHIP
lateral hypothalamus
makes you feel hungry
ventromedial hypothalamus
makes you feel full
leptin
chemical that tells hypothalamus that stomach is full
digestive organs
stomach (can feel if full with nutrient receptors and if full of something)
liver (glucose levels sensed)
intestines (sense fat) –> CCK released if enough fat
thermogenesis
when one digests something their heat/temperature rises
set point
weight homeostasis
ego-syntonic
something you agree with or like or goes with your world view (anorexia)
ego-dystonic
something you don’t agree with or don’t believe in or doesn’t go with your world view (bulimia)
anorexia nervosa
condition in which a person (typically young and female) reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low, or less than minimally expected
bulimia nervosa
condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain
binge-eating disorder
involves uncontrolled binge eating but individuals do not purge or use other inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain
emotion
the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by 3 elements: physical arousal, behavior that reveals feeling to outside world, and inner awareness of feeling
display rules
learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings
7 universal facial expressions
anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, and contempt
common sense theory of emotion
stimulus –> emotion –> arousal
James-Lange theory of emotion
stimulus –> arousal + behavior –> emotion
each arousal unique
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
stimulus –> brain activity (thalamus) –> emotion
___________________________–> arousal
(all arousal similar)
schachter theory of emotion
stimulus –> arousal –> appraisal –> emotion
all arousal similar
facial feedback hypothesis
stimulus –> facial expression –> arousal –> emotion
Plutchik’s wheel of emotion
similar emotions are closer together on wheel and opposite emotions are opposite each other on wheel
biological theories
instinct
drive-reduction
arousal
opponent process
cognitive theories
attribution locus of control learned helplessness social loafing social facilitation
psychosocial theories
learned (conditioning)
cultural
personality
emotional theories
physiological
cognitive
behavioral
