Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Unit 1 - Introduction & Neuroscience and Biological Foundations > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Introduction & Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Socio-cultural paradigm

A

behavior is a result of our environment and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic paradigm

A

behavior is a result of childhood and drive to fulfill unconscious desires (Freud)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cognitive paradigm

A

behavior is a result of mental processes, thoughts, beliefs, perceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Humanistic paradigm

A

behavior is a result of effects to fulfill needs in the best way we can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behavioral paradigm

A

behavior is a result of rewards; we stop acting in ways that are punished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biological paradigm

A

behavior is a result of brain structure, body chemistry, hormones, genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Evolutionary paradigm

A

behavior is a result of natural selection and adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Frontal lobe

A

includes: prefrontal cortex (personality/emotion and higher brain function), medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (strong connections to limbic system), motor cortex (voluntary movements), broca’s area (smooth and fluent speech)
function: higher cognitive function including planning, personalities, memory storage, complex decision making, language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Temporal lobe

A

includes: amygdala (fear response and processing emotions), primary auditory cortex (processes auditory info), auditory association area (identifies auditory info from ears), Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)
function: perception, face recognition, object recognition, memory acquisition, understanding language, and emotional reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parietal lobe

A

includes: somatosensory cortex (sensory processing and integration)
function: integrates info from senses to create picture of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Occipital lobe

A

includes: primary visual cortex (receives and processes info from optic nerves), visual association cortex (identifies visual info from eyes)
function: vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Limbic system

A

includes: thalamus (relay station for incoming sensory info), hypothalamus (the 4 F’s), hippocampus (forms long-term memories), amygdala (fear response and processing emotions), cingulate cortex (emotional/cognitive processing)
function: emotions, motivation, memory, learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Association areas

A

neurons in cortex that make connections between sensory info and stored memories/images/knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spatial neglect

A

people who have a damaged right hemisphere and ignore everything in left visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Roger Sperry

A

pioneer in field of hemisphere specialization; proved that left and right hemispheres specialize in different functions and activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Left hemisphere

A

language, speech, handwriting, math, sense of time and rhythm, thought requiring analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Right hemisphere

A

perception, visualization, spatial perception, recognition of patterns/faces/emotions/melodies, expression of emotions, comprehends simple language BUT doesn’t produce speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ADHD

A

developmental disorder involving behavioral and cognitive aspects of inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity (cortical and subcortical areas involved –> prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, corpus callosum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Connectivity in brain

A

pons (bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum, balance, motor control, posture), corpus callosum (connects left and right hemispheres), thalamus (relay station for incoming sensory info)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

movement in brain

A

cerebellum, motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

basic body functions in brain

A

medulla (regulates life-sustaining functions), hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sensory in brain

A

reticular formation (allows people to ignore constant unchanging info and become alert to changes in info), parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Brain stem

A

includes: medulla, pons, reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

emotions in brain

A

limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

speech in brain

A

Broca’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

auditory in brain

A

temporal lobe

28
Q

vision in brain

A

occipital lobe

29
Q

Scientific method

A
  • description - observing/noting everything down
  • explanation - trying to understand findings + creating theory
  • prediction - determining what will happen in the future
  • control - modification of behavior
30
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

credited for performing first scientific experiments that formed a basis for psychological experimentation

31
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

objective introspection - process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities

32
Q

William James

A

functionalism - how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings

33
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

gestalt - studying sensation and perception with focus on whole patterns

34
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

psychoanalysis - unconscious/unaware mind in which people repress urges and desires (thought repressed urges/desires created nervous disorders)

35
Q

John B. Watson

A

behaviorism - human behavior can be understood by examining the relationship between events in the environment and observable behavior

36
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistic - humans are free agents capable of controlling their own lives, making their own choices, setting goals and working to achieve them (humans are inherently good)

37
Q

Edward Titchener

A

structuralism - everything can be broken down into individual emotions and sensations

38
Q

Margaret F. Washburn

A

first woman to receive a PhD in psychology

39
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

earliest research in human memory and psychology of self; never earned PhD because she was a woman

40
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

founder and first president of the American Psychological Association

41
Q

Industrial/organizational psychology

A

application of psychological concepts to businesses, organizations, and industry

42
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

proved that a reflex could occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus (Pavlov’s dogs)

43
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

early pioneer of behavior therapy

44
Q

Operant conditioning

A

created by B.F. Skinner; behavioral responses followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened/reinforced

45
Q

Nervous system

A

network of cells that carries info throughout the body

46
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

first theorized that nervous system was made up of individual cells

47
Q

Neuron

A

cell in nervous system that receives/sends messages throughout the system

48
Q

Glial cells

A

supports neurons (structurally, giving nutrients…)

49
Q

Schwan cells

A

generates fatty layer of myelin for PNS; myelin can serve as tunnel if nerve cell is damaged, and can repair/reconnect neuron

50
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

generates fatty layer of myelin for CNS

51
Q

Tracts

A

myelin-coated axons in CNS

52
Q

Nerves

A

myelin-coated axons in PNS

53
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulates and protects neuron; allows electrical signal to be sent faster

54
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

salty banana

55
Q

Resting potential

A

when sodium potassium pump is at rest

56
Q

Action potential

A

neural impulse that carries info along the axon of a neuron; the action potential is generated when positively charged ions move in and out through the channels in the axon membrane

57
Q

Toilet metaphor

A

all or nothing
threshold
refractory period

58
Q

Major neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (ACh) - excitatory; stimulates muscle contractions
dopamine (DA) - excitatory or inhibitory; pleasure
serotonin - excitatory or inhibitory; associated with sleep, mood, anxiety, appetite
glutamate - excitatory; learning and memory
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - inhibitory
endorphins - inhibitory; lessens pain by inhibiting pain signal
epinephrine - excitatory; adrenaline
norepinephrine (NE) - excitatory; stress hormone

59
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

threshold to reach in order for message to fire throughout neuron (majority rules - if enough excitatory neurotransmitters over inhibitory neurotransmitters)

60
Q

Antagonist

A

blocks/reduces effects of neurotransmitter

61
Q

Agonist

A

mimics/enhances effects of neurotransmitter

62
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

includes all nerves and neurons not in brain and spinal cord; made up of somatic nervous system (controls voluntary muscles; made up of sensory and motor pathways) and autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; middle of spinal cord is sympathetic - fight or flight; top and bottom of spinal cord is parasympathetic - eat, drink, rest)

63
Q

3 types of neurons

A

afferent/sensory (messages from senses to spinal cord); efferent/motor (messages from spinal cord to muscles and glands); interneurons (connects afferent neurons to motor neurons)

Afferent neurons Access the spinal cord, Efferent neurons Exit

64
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

ability to constantly change both structure and function of cells in brain in response to experience or trauma

65
Q

Endocrine glands

A

controlled by pituitary gland; secrete chemicals/hormones directly into bloodstream unlike salivary or sweat glands which secrete chemicals/hormones into body’s tissues

66
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

lets researchers see what areas of the brain are most active during certain tasks; PET scan measures how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain are using (more chemical = more activity)

AP Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions