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Biology > Unit 7- Nucleid Acids > Flashcards

Unit 7- Nucleid Acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the procedure of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA section.

A

Base sequencing

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2
Q

a bacterial enzyme that catalyses the breaking and re-joining of bonds linking adjacent nucleotides in circular DNA to generate supercoiled DNA helices.

A

DNA gyrase

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3
Q

various enzymes that function in the replication and repair of DNA by catalysing the linking of nucleotides in a specific order, using single-stranded DNA as a template.

A

DNA polymerases

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4
Q

an enzyme involved in the initiation of DNA replication that catalyses the polymerization of short RNA primers on the template DNA.

A

DNA primase

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5
Q

the analysis of a small amount of genetic material used to identify multilocus DNA banding patterns that are specific to an individual is often used to provide evidence in criminal law cases; also called genetic fingerprinting.

A

DNA profiling

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6
Q

the process of making an identical copy of a DNA molecule, using existing DNA as a template for the synthesis of new DNA strands.

A

DNA replication

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7
Q

a prokaryote enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix at the replication fork, breaking the hydrogen bonds, to allow the resulting single strands to be copied.

A

Helicase

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8
Q

any of several small, basic proteins most commonly found in association with the DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotes.

A

Histone

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9
Q

a segment of a gene situated between exons that is removed before the translation of messenger RNA and does not function in coding for protein synthesis.

A

Intron

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10
Q

the strand of the DNA double helix that, because of its orientation that is opposite to the working orientation of DNA polymerase III, is synthesized in a series of short fragments known as Okazaki fragments.

A

Lagging strand

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11
Q

DNA strand being replicated by continuous polymerization at the 3′ growing tip.

A

Leading strand

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12
Q

the basic bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a sequence of DNA wound around a protein core composed of eight histones.

A

Nucleosome

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13
Q

the building blocks of a nucleic acid, consisting of a carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

A

Nucleotides

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14
Q

a site on a DNA molecule at which the unwinding of the helices and synthesis of daughter molecules are both occurring during DNA replication.

A

Replication fork

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15
Q

copies of genes repeated one after another along a chromosome.

A

Tandem repeats

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16
Q

a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromatid that is involved in the replication and stability of DNA molecules protecting the end of the chromosome from deterioration.

A

Telomere

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17
Q

an analytical method in which X-rays change direction on contact with matter, resulting in changes in radiation intensity, that is used to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.

A

X-ray diffraction

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18
Q

a segment of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a given DNA sequence and that is needed to initiate replication by DNA polymerase.

A

Primer

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19
Q

the only direction that DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA; it does so by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a DNA strand.

A

5’ to 3’

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20
Q

the modification of a strand of DNA after it is replicated, in which a methyl (CH3) group is added and is one of the methods used to regulate the expression of genes.

A

DNA methylation

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21
Q

sequence of DNA that codes information for protein synthesis that is transcribed to messenger RNA.

A

Exon

22
Q

conversion of the information from the gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation resulting in the phenotypic manifestation of the gene.

A

Gene expression

23
Q

total genetic contents of an organism.

A

Genome

24
Q

segment of a gene situated between exons that is removed before the translation of messenger RNA and does not function in coding for protein synthesis.

A

Intron

25
Q

components of an organism’s DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules while others are not transcribed.

A

Non-coding DNA

26
Q

structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.

A

Nucleosome

27
Q

site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA.

A

Promoter

28
Q

substance that binds to the operator and obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and transcribing the gene.

A

Repressor

29
Q

removal of introns from a primary transcript and the subsequent joining of exons in the production of a mature RNA molecule.

A

Splicing of mRNA

30
Q

sequence of nucleotides that signals the end of transcription or translation and the completion of the synthesis of a nucleic acid or protein molecule.

A

Terminator

31
Q

process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA.

A

Transcription

32
Q

a coiled conformation common in many proteins; it is characterized by a spiral chain of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds in which the resulting structure resembles a spring or helix.

A

Alpha Helix

33
Q

a structure that occurs in many proteins and consists of two or more parallel adjacent polypeptide chains arranged in a zigzag pattern, so that hydrogen bonds can form between the chains.

A

Beta pleated sheet

34
Q

ribosomes that are attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticulum and produce proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis.

A

Bound ribosomes

35
Q

a biochemical compound, such as hemoglobin, made up of a protein molecule and a non-protein prosthetic group.

A

Conjugated protein

36
Q

alternative structures of the same protein.

A

Different conformations

37
Q

a photograph or image of a specimen taken using an electron microscope.

A

Electron micrograph

38
Q

can move about anywhere in the cytoplasm and the proteins they make are free to go anywhere within the cell.

A

Free ribosomes

39
Q

an alpha-amino acid in which the functional group (R-) attached to the alpha-carbon has hydrophobic properties.

A

Non-polar amino acid

40
Q

an alpha-amino acid in which the functional group (R-) attached to the alpha-carbon has hydrophilic properties.

A

Polar amino acid

41
Q

a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide

42
Q

a group of ribosomes joined by a molecule of messenger RNA containing the genetic information code that is to be translated during protein synthesis.

A

Polysome

43
Q

the linear sequence or order of amino acids of a protein; it determines how the protein will fold into a more advanced structure, such as the unique three-dimensional structure of protein.

A

Primary structure

44
Q

the non-protein component of a conjugated protein, for example the heme group in hemoglobin.

A

Prosthetic group

45
Q

the chemical group attached to the alpha carbon in an amino acid that is different for each of the common 20 amino acids found in proteins.

A

R group

46
Q

the particular shape of a protein defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent polypeptide subunits.

A

Quaternary structure

47
Q

the repetitive folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to the hydrogen bonds formed between the peptides.

A

Secondary structure

48
Q

the irregular folding of a protein molecule due to the interactions of the R- groups involving hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, or disulfide bonds.

A

Tertiary structure

49
Q

the transfer of information from a RNA molecule into a polypeptide, involving the changing of language from nucleic acid to amino acid.

A

Translation

50
Q

RNA molecules that transport amino acids to ribosomes for incorporation into a polypeptide undergoing synthesis (according to directions coded in the mRNA).

A

tRNA

Biology (12 decks)

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