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Biology > Unit 2-Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Unit 2-Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

building block of proteins that consists of a basic amino group (NH2), an acidic carboxylic group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H), and an organic side group (-R) attached to the carbon atom

A

amino acid

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2
Q

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions

A

anabolism

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3
Q

organic compounds with the general formula (CH2O), including sugars, starches, and celluloses, that are an important source of food and energy for animals

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

A

catabolism

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5
Q

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms

A

covalent bonds

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6
Q

sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides joined by condensation

A

disaccharide

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7
Q

organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar organic solvents

A

lipids

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8
Q

the process involving biochemical reactions of life

A

metabolism

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9
Q

the simplest form of carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, ribose) that constitutes the building blocks of more complex forms of sugar

A

monosaccharide

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10
Q

linear chains (DNA or RNA). of monomeric nucleotides, whereby each monomeric unit is composed of phosphoric acid, sugar, and nitrogenous base

A

nucleic acids

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11
Q

a covalent bond that joins amino acids, at the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid, with the release of a molecule of water

A

peptide bonds

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12
Q

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

A

phospholipids

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13
Q

a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

A

polypeptides

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14
Q

organic molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds and taking a particular three-dimensional ahape

A

protein

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15
Q

a monosaccharide found in RNA and other metabolically important compounds

A

Ribose

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16
Q

a fatty acid with all potential hydrogen binding sites filled

A

saturated fat

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17
Q

a form of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms

A

saturated fatty acid

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18
Q

lipid-based hormones that are related to the four-ring structure of cholesterol

A

steriods

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19
Q

an energy rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

A

triglycerides

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20
Q

a molecule created from ammonia and carbon dioxide as the final nitrogenous excretion product of many organisms

A

Urea

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21
Q

a simple monosaccharide sugar that serves as the main source of energy and as an important metabolic substrate for most living organisms

A

glucose

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22
Q

the force by which individual molecules cling to surrounding material and surfaces

A

adhesion

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23
Q

the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a given liquid reaches atmospheric pressure and thus starts to boil (100c for water)

A

boiling point

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24
Q

the force by which individual molecules stick together

A

cohesion

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25
Q

the temperature at which a liquid solidifies

A

freezing point

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26
Q

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water by one degree Celsius

A

specific heat capacity

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27
Q

a weak bond caused by electrostatic attraction between a positively-charged part of one molecule and a negatively-charged part of another

A

hydrogen bond

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28
Q

molecules capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding

A

hydrophilic

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29
Q

molecules that lack an affinity for water

A

hydrophobic

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30
Q

a light, colourless gas (CH4)

A

methane

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31
Q

property of having distinct and opposite charges (poles)

A

polarity

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32
Q

the property of a substance of being soluble (dissolved)

A

solubility

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33
Q

a liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved to form a solution

A

solvent

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34
Q

the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between molecules of water at the surface

A

surface tension (of water)

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35
Q

property that allows light to penetrate molecules of water

A

transparency

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36
Q

a soluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of glucose found in plants as one of the two components of starch

A

amylopectin

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37
Q

a polysaccharide found in plants as one of the two components of starch (making up approximately 20%-30% of the structure)

A

amylose

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38
Q

a measure for human body shape based on an individual’s mass and height (kg/m2).

A

Body mass index (BMI)

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39
Q

a polysaccharide with the formula (C6H10O5)n, consisting of a linear chain of between several hundred to over ten thousand β-linked D-glucose units

A

Cellulose

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40
Q

formation of larger molecules involving the removal of water from smaller component molecules.

A

Condensation

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41
Q

a sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides joined by condensation.

A

Disaccharide

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42
Q

any of the group of a long chain of hydrocarbon derived from the breakdown of fats having a single carboxylic group and aliphatic tail.

A

Fatty acids

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43
Q

a metabolic intermediate and structural component of the major classes of biological lipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids.

A

Glycerol

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44
Q

a branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells.

A

Glycogen

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45
Q

chemical compounds of the same chemical formula but different structure (cis or trans).

A

Isomers

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46
Q

a disaccharide sugar that is commonly found in milk and consists of galactose and glucose.

A

Lactose

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47
Q

organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

A

Lipids

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48
Q

a disaccharide formed when two glucose monomers join together.

A

Maltose

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49
Q

consist of a single component.

A

monomers

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50
Q

the simplest form of carbohydrate (for example fructose, glucose, and ribose) that constitutes the building blocks of a more complex form of sugars.

A

Monosaccharide

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51
Q

an unsaturated molecule that contains only one double or triple bond in the carbon chain.

A

Monounsaturated

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52
Q

a compound made up of several repeating units (monomers).

A

Polymer

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53
Q

a complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.

A

Polysaccharide

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54
Q

a type of molecule that contains more than one double or triple bond in the carbon chain.

A

Polyunsaturated

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55
Q

a form of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms.

A

saturated fatty acids

56
Q

a polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n found in plants that consists of a large number of glucose monosaccharides.

A

Starch

57
Q

a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.

A

Sucrose

58
Q

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

A

Triglycerides

59
Q

a form of fatty acid that contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms.

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

60
Q

the main protein of human plasma. Its main function is to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood

A

albumin

61
Q

building block of proteins consisting of the basic amino group (NH2), the acidic carboxylic group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H), and an organic side group (R) attached to the carbon atom.

A

amino acids

62
Q

NH2

A

Amino Group

63
Q

COOH

A

carboxylic group

64
Q

a structural change in a protein that results in a permanent loss of biological properties

A

denaturation

65
Q

two amino acids linked together

A

dipeptide

66
Q

a heritable section of DNA that controls a specific trait

A

Gene

67
Q

group of large glycoproteins that function as antibodies in the immune response by binding with specific antigens

A

immunoglobulins

68
Q

a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by synthesizing glycogen

A

insulin

69
Q

a covalent bond that joins amino acids, at the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid, with the release of a molecule of water

A

peptide bond

70
Q

a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

A

polypeptides

71
Q

organic molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds and taking a particular three-dimensional shape.

A

protein

72
Q

the complete set of proteins that can be expressed by the genetic material of an organism.

A

proteome

73
Q

a visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin.

A

Rhodopsin

74
Q

cell organelle functioning as the site of protein synthesis.

A

ribosome

75
Q

is the enzyme that catalyses the first step of photosynthesis (probably the most abundant protein on Earth).

A

rubisco (ribulose carboxylase)

76
Q

the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate

A

active site

77
Q

an enzyme found in the blood, and in most living cells, that catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

A

catalase

78
Q

a structural change in a protein that alters its three-dimensional shape and causes the loss of its biological properties.

A

denaturation

79
Q

a measure of the ability of an enzyme to catalyse a specific reaction.

A

enzyme activity

80
Q

a class of proteins that catalyses chemical reations

A

enzymes

81
Q

decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water

A

hydrolysis

82
Q

the enzyme responsible for catalysing the split of lactose into galactose and glucose.

A

lactase

83
Q

a disaccharide (C12H22O11) found in milk that may be hydrolysed to yield glucose and galactose.

A

lactose

84
Q

all of an organism’s chemical processes

A

metabolism

85
Q

the substance on which an enzyme works

A

substrate

86
Q

an organic base found in DNA and RNA in which it pairs with thymine (or uracil).

A

Adenine

87
Q

the standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing, such as cytosine paired with guanine and adenine with thymine (or uracil in RNA).

A

complementary base pairs

88
Q

an organic base found in DNA and RNA in which it pairs with guanine.

A

cytosine

89
Q

an enzyme that catalyses the elongation of new DNA during replication.

A

DNA polymerase

90
Q

a nucleic acid consisting of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA.

A

DNA

91
Q

an organic base found in DNA and RNA in which it pairs with cytosine.

A

Guanine

92
Q

a chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule.

A

hydrogen bond

93
Q

molecules, such as DNA or RNA, composed of nucleotides that control cellular functions and heredity.

A

Nucleic acids biological

94
Q

the building blocks of nucleic acids consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

A

nucleotides

95
Q

a nucleic acid consisting of a long single-stranded chain of nucleotides involved in protein synthesis.

A

RNA

96
Q

an enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA during transcription.

A

RNA polymerase

97
Q

an organic base found in DNA, but not in RNA, that pairs with adenine.

A

Thymine

98
Q

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA, but not in DNA, that pairs with adenine.

A

Uracil

99
Q

three consecutive bases on tRNA that are complementary to a codon on mRNA.

A

Anticodon

100
Q

each sequence of three bases standing for one of the 20 possible amino acids.

A

codon

101
Q

there are more codons (64) than there are amino acids to be coded, so most amino acids are coded by more than one code.

A

degenerate code

102
Q

an enzyme that catalyses the elongation of new DNA during replication.

A

DNA polymerase

103
Q

the order of bases in DNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.

A

Genetic code

104
Q

an enzyme involved in DNA replication, responsible for unwinding the double helix.

A

Helicase

105
Q

a type of RNA that attaches to ribosomes and specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

106
Q

the building blocks of nucleic acids consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

A

Nucleotides

107
Q

a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro.

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

108
Q

several ribosomes that are attached to the same mRNA at one time.

A

polysomes

109
Q

making a copy of a DNA molecule.

A

Replication of DNA

110
Q

in the process of DNA synthesis each original strands of the molecule acts as a template on which a new complementary strand is created.

A

Semi-conservative replication

111
Q

a heat resistant enzyme found in the bacillus Thermus aquaticus, which lives in hot springs, that can endure the high temperatures of the polymerase chain reaction.

A

Taq DNA polymerase

112
Q

when the DNA sequence of bases is converted into mRNA.

A

Transcription

113
Q

when the sequence of bases on mRNA is decoded into an amino acid sequence (proteins).

A

Translation

114
Q

an RNA molecule that brings specific amino acids that match the codons in the mRNA.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

115
Q

respiration requiring oxygen, involving the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.

A

Aerobic cell respiration

116
Q

respiration in the absence of oxygen, involving the formation of lactic acid or ethanol.

A

anaerobic cell respiration

117
Q

a nucleotide that releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolysed.

A

ATP

118
Q

molecule resulting from oxidation of organic carbon compounds, and formed in the tissues and eliminated by the lungs.

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

119
Q

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.

A

cell respiration

120
Q

alcohol formed by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates.

A

ethanol

121
Q

anaerobic breakdown of glucose with the end-products of ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.

A

fermentation

122
Q

monosaccharide that is an end product of carbohydrate metabolism, and is the chief source of energy for living organisms.

A

glucose

123
Q

a series of enzymatic reactions that converts one biological material to another.

A

Metabolic pathways

124
Q

apparatus for the measurement of respiratory gaseous exchange.

A

respirometer

125
Q

a unicellular fungus that lives in liquid or moist habitats.

A

Yeast

126
Q

range of wavelengths of light that a pigment is able to absorb.

A

absorption spectrum

127
Q

range of wavelengths of light within which photosynthesis takes place.

A

Action spectrum

128
Q

main photosynthetic pigment of green plants.

A

chlorophyll

129
Q

cell organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.

A

chloroplast

130
Q

a method of separating and identifying the components of a complex mixture by differential movement through a two-phase system.

A

chromatography

131
Q

an environmental factor, such as carbon dioxide or light intensity, that controls the process of photosynthesis.

A

limiting factors

132
Q

one billionth (10-9) of a metre.

A

nanometre

133
Q

chemical decomposition of water induced by light

A

photolysis of water

134
Q

the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy.

A

photosynthesis

135
Q

the rate of conversion of carbon dioxide and water to photosynthetic products.

A

rate of photosynthesis

136
Q

the distance between peaks of a wave of light, which determines its colour.

A

wavelength

Biology (12 decks)

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