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Biology > Unit 3- Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 3- Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

one of the possible alternatives of a gene, occupying a specific position on a chromosome, that controls the same trait.

A

allele

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2
Q

the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.

A

base sequence

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3
Q

a structure within the cell that bears the genetic material as a thread-like linear strand of DNA with the genes in a linear order (the human species has 23 pairs).

A

chromosome

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4
Q

a type of chromosomal aberration in which a segment of the chromosome is removed or lost.

A

deletion

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5
Q

a genetic mutation, caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence, that shifts the way the sequence is read.

A

Frame shift

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6
Q

an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations.

A

Genbank database

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7
Q

the process of determining the locus for a particular biological trait.

A

gene mapping

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8
Q

a hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism.

A

gene

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9
Q

the total genetic material of an organism.

A

genome

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10
Q

a non-essential amino acid, occurring in proteins, that is replaced by valine in cases of sickle cell anaemia.

A

glutamic acid

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11
Q

the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells that gives them their red colour and serves to convey oxygen to the tissues.

A

haemoglobin

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12
Q

an international scientific research project to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, and to identify and map all of the genes of the human genome.

A

Human Genome Project

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13
Q

the addition by mutation of one or more nucleotides to a chromosome.

A

Insertion

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14
Q

the position of a gene on the chromosome (loci plural).

A

locus

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15
Q

a change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism that results in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.

A

mutation

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16
Q

the DNA of a prokaryote in the circular chromosome.

A

plasmid

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17
Q

the exchange of a single nucleotide for another in the DNA sequence of a gene.

A

point mutation

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18
Q

a peptide, such as a small protein, containing many molecules of amino acids, typically between 10 and 100.

A

polypeptide

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19
Q

an autosomal recessive anaemia due to substitution of a single amino acid (valine for glutamic acid) characterized by red blood cell becoming sickle-shaped and non-functional.

A

Sickle cell anaemia

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20
Q

the process of copying of DNA into messenger RNA in gene expression.

A

transcription

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21
Q

an essential amino acid occurring in proteins that replaces glutamic acid in cases of sickle cell anaemia.

A

valine

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22
Q

technique that relies on the emission of radioactive particles from within the subject to produce an image.

A

autoradiography

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23
Q

chromosomes that do not determine sex.

A

autosomes

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24
Q

region of the chromosome that becomes attached to the spindle fibres during cell division

A

centromere

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25
Q

have nuclei containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set from each parent.

A

diploid cells

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26
Q

a human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21 (characterized by having a delay in mental development).

A

down syndrome

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27
Q

have one chromosome of each pair (have one full set of the chromosomes that are found in its species).

A

haploid cells

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28
Q

globular proteins associated to chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.

A

histones

29
Q

chromosome pairs with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci.

A

homologous chromosomes

30
Q

shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs of decreasing length.

A

karyogram

31
Q

a method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type.

A

karyotype

32
Q

the DNA in prokaryotic cells that is not associated with proteins.

A

naked DNA

33
Q

to determine the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.

A

sequencing of DNA

34
Q

the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.

A

sex chromosomes

35
Q

replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis.

A

Sister chromatids

36
Q

treating (specimens for the microscope) with a reagent or dye that makes certain structures visible without affecting others.

A

Staining

37
Q

a procedure used to diagnose genetic defects in the early stages of pregnancy; it involves collecting amniotic fluid using a needle and syringe.

A

Amniocentesis

38
Q

technique for diagnosing genetic defects while a foetus is in the uterus. A small sample of the placenta is removed and analysed.

A

chorionic villus sampling

39
Q

exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis I.

A

crossing over

40
Q

one of two haploid reproductive cells, egg or sperm, whose union is necessary in sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

A

gametes

41
Q

the cellular lineage of a sexually reproducing organism from which eggs and sperm are derived.

A

germ-line cells

42
Q

the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid.

A

meiosis

43
Q

the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid.

A

meiosis

44
Q

an error during mitosis or meiosis in which both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or both sister chromatids fail to move apart.

A

non-disjunction

45
Q

the orientation of homologous chromosomes in the spindle axis during metaphase I is random and either maternal or paternal homologue may orient towards a given pole.

A

Random orientation

46
Q

when one allele covers the phenotypic expression of another allele at the same gene locus.

A

allele mask

47
Q

two alleles at a particular locus that have different effects and are distinguishable in a heterozygous individual (e.g. AB blood groups).

A

Co-dominant alleles

48
Q

an abnormal condition caused by an X-linked recessive allele and characterized by the inability to clearly distinguish different colours of the visible light spectrum.

A

Colour blindness

49
Q

a mutation in a gene that changes a protein that regulates the movement of salt in and out of cells; characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus.

A

Cystic fibrosis

50
Q

the allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

A

Dominant alleles

51
Q

the genetic constitution of an organism.

A

genotype

52
Q

a sex-linked inheritable disease characterized by loss or impairment of the normal clotting ability of blood, so that a minor wound may result in fatal bleeding.

A

Haemophilia

53
Q

caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 4; the defect causes a part of DNA, called a CAG repeat, to occur many more times than it is supposed to.

A

Huntington’s disease

54
Q

a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

A

mutagen

55
Q

the physical and physiological traits of an organism.

A

Phenotype

56
Q

a tool that helps to show all possible allelic combinations of gametes in a cross of parents with known genotypes in order to predict the probability of their offspring possessing certain sets of alleles.

A

Punnett grid (or Punnett square)

57
Q

an allele that has an effect on the phenotype only when present in the homozygous state.

A

Recessive allele

58
Q

traits controlled by genes located on one sex chromosome but not the other.

A

Sex-linked inheritance

59
Q

the diploid product of the fusion of haploid gametes (a fertilized egg).

A

Zygotes

60
Q

a group of genetically identical cells or individuals.

A

Clones

61
Q

a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication.

A

DNA ligase

62
Q

the analysis of a small amount of genetic material, which is as unique per individual as a fingerprint is, as an aid to identification.

A

DNA profiling (DNA fingerprinting)

63
Q

the earliest stages in the development of a new plant or animal from a fertilized ovum and entirely dependent on nutrients supplied by the parent.

A

Embryo

64
Q

the separation of nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge by measuring their rate of movement through a gel.

A

Gel electrophoresis

65
Q

the change to the genetic constitution of an organism by artificial methods.

A

Genetic modification

66
Q

a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

67
Q

an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites, producing small fragments used in genetic engineering.

A

Restriction endonucleases

68
Q

all body cells except sex cells (cells producing gametes).

A

Somatic cell

Biology (12 decks)

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