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Biology > Unit 1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1- Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

theory that states that all organisms are composed of cells, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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2
Q

Centi-

A

metric prefix 1/100th or 1 × 10-2.

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3
Q

Coarse focus dial

A

used to initially focus a light microscope on a specimen.

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

the alteration of a cell’s morphology and physiology through changes in gene expression.

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5
Q

Emergent property

A

a property of a system that emerges from the interaction of the elements of the system.

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6
Q

Gene expression

A

the synthesis of a functional gene product, often protein, but also rRNA, tRNA, or snRNA.

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7
Q

Growth

A

an increase in physical size.

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

the process in which an organism regulates activities within cells and their bodies to keep conditions stable.

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9
Q

Magnification

A

ratio of image size to actual size.

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism or within a cell.

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11
Q

Micro-

A

metric prefix 1 × 10-6.

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12
Q

Milli-

A

metric prefix 1 × 10-3.

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13
Q

Nano-

A

metric prefix 1 × 10-9.

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14
Q

Objective lens

A

the part of the microscope that gathers light from the specimen and focuses it to produce a real image.

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15
Q

Paramecium

A

genus of single-celled ciliated organisms.

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16
Q

Reductionism

A

an approach to science that holds that a complex system can be best understood as the sum of its parts, and that variables can be studied in isolation.

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17
Q

Response

A

in behavioural science, the behaviour that is the consequence of a stimulus.

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18
Q

Scale bar

A

a means of visually indicating the magnification of an image.

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19
Q

Stargardt’s disease

A

a degenerative eye disease that has been the target of stem cell research.

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20
Q

Stem cell

A

a relatively undifferentiated cell that can give rise to other types of cells and retains the ability to divide.

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21
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells.

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22
Q

System

A

a level of organization that emerges due to the interaction of elements.

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23
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells with a common function and structure.

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24
Q

The size of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S

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25
Q

The size of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S

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26
Q

Domain of Prokaryotes

A

Archaea, Bacteria

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27
Q

Method of prokaryotic cell division

A

Binary Fission

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28
Q

non-living carbohydrate-based extracellular material

A

cell wall

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29
Q

seen in eukaryotes; consequence of organelles being membrane-bound

A

Compartmentalization

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30
Q

site of syntheses of proteins destined for export or for secretion

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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31
Q

organisms with membrane-bound nuclei

A

Eukaryote

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32
Q

glands that secrete their products into ducts

A

Exocrine glands

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33
Q

a network of material that is secreted by cells that serves to support, strengthen, and organise cells

A

Extracellular matrix

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34
Q

a relatively long extension of a cell used in locomotion

A

Flagellum

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35
Q

a eukaryotic organelle that modifies protein after translation

A

Golgi Apparatus

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36
Q

a protein associated with DNA that plays a role in gene expression and the packing of DNA

A

Histone

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37
Q

a cellular organelle involved in cellular digestion

A

Lysosome

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38
Q

DNA not associated with histones or histone-like proteins

A

Naked DNA

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39
Q

a region of the prokaryotic cell where DNA is located

A

Nucleoid

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40
Q

membrane bound organelle found in eukaryotes that contain DNA; it is the site of replication and transcription

A

Nucleus

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41
Q

a sub-cellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with a distinct structure and function

A

Organelle

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42
Q

photosynthetic tissue below the epidermis in a leaf

A

Palisade mesophyll

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43
Q

extensions of the prokaryotic cell surface membrane used for reproduction

A

Pilli

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44
Q

extra-chromosomal DNA in a prokaryote

A

Plasmid

45
Q

category of a cell without a membrane-bound nucleus: archaea and bacteria

A

prokaryote

46
Q

ER with ribosomes attached

A

rough ER (rER)

47
Q

the ability to see adjacent objects or structures as distinct from each other

A

resolution

48
Q

organelle involved in protein synthesis

A

ribosome

49
Q

an electron microscope that generates a three-dimensional image

A

scanning electron microscope

50
Q

endoplasmic reticulum that synthesises new membrane and does not have ribosomes attached

A

Smooth ER

51
Q

unit of molecule size based on the position that material settles out in a centrifuge tube after spinning. Larger particles tend to settle out faster and so have higher _____ values

A

Svedberg unit

52
Q

an electron microscope that produces two-dimensional images

A

transmission electron microscope

53
Q

a detailed structure of a biological entity

A

Ultrastructure

54
Q

molecule that has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

amphipathic

55
Q

a lipid that prevents the membrane from becoming too and also prevents it from crystalizing

A

cholesterol

56
Q

model of the cell membrane in which the phospholipid bilayer is between two layers of protein

A

Davson-Danelli Model

57
Q

proteins arranged in chains on the membrane to allow the transfer of electrons from one carrier to another

A

electron carriers

58
Q

refers to the viscosity of a lipid bilayer of the membrane that allows it to change shape

A

fluidity

59
Q

proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains

A

Glycoproteins

60
Q

proteins on the outside of the membrane that allow specific hormones to bind

A

Hormone-binding sites

61
Q

molecules that are attracted to water

A

Hydrophilic

62
Q

molecules that are not attracted to water but are attracted to each other

A

hydrophobic

63
Q

proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

A

integral proteins

64
Q

proteins on the surface of the plasma membrane

A

peripheral proteins

65
Q

the rate of passive diffusion of molecules through the membrane, which depends on the electric charge, size, and polarity of the molecule

A

permeability

66
Q

two layers of phospholipids arranged so that their hydrophobic tails are projecting inwards while their polar head groups are on the outside surfaces

A

phospholipid bilayer

67
Q

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

A

phospholipids

68
Q

current model of membrane structure that incorporates a fluid mosaic structure in a discontinuous lipid bilayer

A

Singer-Nicholson model

69
Q

proteins in the plasma membrane that release energy and use it to move substances across the membrane

A

transport pumps

70
Q

movement of substances across membranes using energy in the form of ATP

A

active transport

71
Q

The energy molecule

A

ATP

72
Q

a gradient resulting from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane

A

concentration gradient

73
Q

passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

diffusion

74
Q

the process in which the cell takes in materials from the outside by infolding of the membrane to form a vesicle

A

endocytosis

75
Q

the process in which the cell releases materials to the outside by discharging them as membrane-bounded vesicles that pass through the cell membrane

A

exocytosis

76
Q

diffusion through a membrane that requires proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

77
Q

a more concentrated solution relative to another fluid

A

hypertonic

78
Q

control of the water balance of a living organism

A

osmoregulation

79
Q

passive movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

80
Q

when material is released from a cell

A

secretion

81
Q

membrane that allows some substances to diffuse through but not others. Transport pumps proteins in the plasma membrane that use ATP to move substances across the membrane. Vesicles a bubble-like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products

A

semi-permeable membrane

82
Q

a theory that some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as free-living prokaryotes that invaded primitive eukaryotic cells

A

endosymbiotic theory

83
Q

a nearly universal sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins

A

genetic code

84
Q

French scientist that proved, among other things, that the emergent growth of bacteria in nutrient broths is due to biogenesis, not spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

85
Q

old theory that believed in the formation of living organisms from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous generation

86
Q

technique used for the elimination of microbiological organisms to achieve a sterile microbial environment

A

sterilization

87
Q

a type of asexual reproduction common among prokaryotes where one cell divides giving rise to two cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell

A

binary fission

88
Q

general term for more than 100 diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells

A

Cancer

89
Q

a membrane that forms midway between dividing plant cells during cytokinesis and later becomes the cell wall

A

cell plate

90
Q

a self-replicating cylindrical organelle that is involved in the process of nuclear division

A

centrioles

91
Q

the region joining the two sister chromatids where it becomes attached to the spindle fibres

A

centromere

92
Q

linear strand of DNA bonded to proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genetic information

A

chromosomes

93
Q

a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

A

cyclins

94
Q

the division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane, following the division of the nucleus, resulting in two cells in mitosis

A

cytokinesis

95
Q

the figure formed by the chromosomes in the centre of the spindle during mitosis

A

equatorial plate

96
Q

stage in mitosis in which chromosomes become arranged at the equatorial plate

A

metaphase

97
Q

characteristic of malignant tumours of transferring the disease from one organ to another not directly connected to it

A

metastasis

98
Q

hollow protein tubes seen during the mitosis of animal cells

A

microtubule fibres

99
Q

the process where a single cell divides into two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell

A

mitosis

100
Q

the ratio between the number of cells in mitosis to the total number of cells

A

mitotic index

101
Q

chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation

A

mutagens

102
Q

a gene that causes normal cells to change into cancerous tumour cells

A

oncogenes

103
Q

stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears

A

prophase

104
Q

two identical strands of DNA joined by a common centromere

A

sister chromatids

105
Q

network of filaments that collectively form a mitotic spindle in mitosis. they are involved in moving the chromosomes during nuclear division

A

spindle fibres

106
Q

twisting in the opposite direction to the turns of the double helix during the first stage of mitsis

A

supercoiling

107
Q

stage of mitosis which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around them

A

telophase

108
Q

abnormal proliferation of cells, either benign or malignant

A

tumours

Biology (12 decks)

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