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Biology > Unit 11- Animal Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 11- Animal Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

any substance, often a protein, that induces an allergy: common allergens include pollen, grasses, dust, and some medications.

A

Allergen

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2
Q

a Y-shaped protein on the surface of B-cells that is secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a bacterium or virus.

A

Antibody

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3
Q

a type of lymphocyte that, when stimulated by a particular antigen, differentiates into plasma cells that synthesize the antibodies that circulate in the blood and react with the specific antigens.

A

B-cell

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4
Q

differentiated plasma cells that secrete a specific antibody and a clone of memory cells that make the antibody on subsequent encounters.

A

Clones (of plasma cells)

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5
Q

a physiologically active amine found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. It causes the dilation of capillaries, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, and decreased blood pressure.

A

Histamine

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6
Q

a cell hybrid produced in vitro by the fusion of a lymphocyte that produces antibodies and a myeloma tumour cell in order to produce a continuous supply of a specific antibody.

A

Hybridoma

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7
Q

a type of lymphocyte that is released as a specific immune response and is stored in case of a second exposure to the same antigen.

A

Memory cell

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8
Q

any of the highly specific antibodies produced in large quantities by the clones of a single hybrid cell that has been formed in the laboratory by the fusion of a B-cell with a tumour cell.

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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9
Q

an agent that causes disease or illness in another organism.

A

Pathogen

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10
Q

a fully differentiated B-lymphocyte (white blood cell) that produces a single type of antibody.

A

Plasma cell

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11
Q

an acute, highly infectious, often fatal disease caused by a poxvirus. It is characterized by high fever and aches, and is believed to have been eradicated globally by widespread vaccination.

A

Smallpox

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12
Q

a type of white blood cell that completes maturation in the thymus and that has various roles in the immune system, including the identification of specific foreign antigens in the body and the activation and deactivation of other immune cells.

A

T-lymphocyte

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13
Q

a preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen’s structure that stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen once administered, but is incapable of causing severe infection.

A

Vaccine

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14
Q

a protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cell.

A

Actin

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15
Q

a muscle that opposes the action of another; for example, the biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles.

A

Antagonistic muscle

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16
Q

a type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibres that controls muscle contractions.

A

Cartilage

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17
Q

forms in the sarcomere when the globular head of a myosin molecule attaches temporarily to an adjacent actin filament.

A

Cross bridge

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18
Q

a rigid external covering for the body in some invertebrate animals, especially arthropods.

A

Exoskeleton

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19
Q

a ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint. It is attached to the bones, completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

A

Joint capsule

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20
Q

the zone of thin filaments in the sarcomere that is not superimposed by thick filaments.

A

Light band

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21
Q

a long, cylindrical organelle in striated muscle cells, composed mainly of actin and myosin filaments, that runs from one end of the cell to the other and is organized in repetitive subunits called sarcomeres.

A

Myofibril

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22
Q

one of the contractile elements in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle fibres.

A

Myosin filament

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23
Q

an element subject to spontaneous degeneration of its nucleus accompanied by the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.

A

Radioactive element

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24
Q

the contractile units of a myofibril. Sarcomeres are repeating units, delimited by the Z bands, along the length of the myofibril.

A

Sarcomeres

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25
Q

the fluid found in joints like the elbow and knee, it is contained within a membrane that lubricates the joint and allows smooth and pain-free movement.

A

Synovial fluid

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26
Q

the most common and movable type of joint, which is characterized by the presence of a layer of cartilage that lines the opposing bony surfaces, as well as a lubricating synovial fluid.

A

Synovial joint

27
Q

a muscle protein that binds to molecules of actin and troponin to regulate the interaction of actin and myosin.

A

Tropomyosin

28
Q

a complex of muscle proteins which, when combined with Ca2+, influence tropomyosin to initiate contraction.

A

Troponin

29
Q

a thin membrane in a myofibril, seen on longitudinal sections as a dark line in the centre of the band. The distance between these delimits the sarcomeres of striated muscle.

A

Z lines

30
Q

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that controls the permeability of the walls of the collecting duct in the kidney, preventing the production of dilute urine.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

31
Q

a double-walled membrane around the glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney, its main role is to filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water.

A

Bowman’s capsule

32
Q

a non-secretory tubule that receives urine from several nephrons and discharges it into the pelvis of the kidney.

A

Collecting duct

33
Q

the excessive loss of water from the body, or from an organ or body part, as a result of illness or fluid deprivation.

A

Dehydration

34
Q

the convoluted portion of the nephron that lies between the loop of Henle and the non-secretory part of the nephron that is concerned especially with the concentration of urine.

A

Distal convoluted tubule

35
Q

a group of capillaries, situated within a Bowman’s capsule in the nephron of the vertebrate kidney, which filter waste products from the blood and so initiate urine formation.

A

Glomerulus

36
Q

a method used after kidney failure for the removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane while being circulated outside the body. The process involves both diffusion and ultrafiltration.

A

Haemodialysis

37
Q

the U-shaped section of the nephron of a vertebrate kidney that is situated between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and plays a role in the regulation of the concentrating of ions in the urine.

A

Loop of Henle

38
Q

the organ of excretion in insects and many other arthropods consisting of narrow tubules opening into the anterior part of the hindgut.

A

Malpighian tubule system

39
Q

the inner, darker portion of the parenchyma of the kidneys that consists of the renal pyramids.

A

Medulla

40
Q

the structural and functional units of the kidney, numbering about a million in the renal parenchyma, each one is capable of forming urine.

A

Nephron

41
Q

marine animals which, in contrast to osmoregulators, maintain the osmolarity of their body fluids such that it is always equal to the surrounding seawater.

A

Osmoconformers

42
Q

a body mechanism concerned with the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure relationships.

A

Osmoregulator

43
Q

the convoluted portion of the vertebrate nephron that lies between the Bowman’s capsule and the loop of Henle and functions especially in the reabsorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

44
Q

the application of ultrafrequency sound waves to tissues in order to promote healing, break down substances, and reduce pain and swelling.

A

Ultra sound treatment

45
Q

a high pressure filtration through a semi-permeable membrane in which colloidal particles are retained, while the small sized solutes and the solvent are forced to move across the membrane by hydrostatic pressure forces.

A

Ultrafiltration

46
Q

a necessary and irreversible step in fertilization, which is triggered by sperm receptor, in which the sperm’s and ovum’s membranes fuse and the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida.

A

Acrosome reaction

47
Q

a thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells, called the inner cell mass, from which the embryo arises.

A

Blastocyst

48
Q

a reaction that occurs during fertilization, when the sperm cell unites with the egg’s plasma membrane, that prevents entry of a second sperm.

A

Cortical reaction

49
Q

the process regulated by different gene expression by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function, especially during embryonic development.

A

Differentiation

50
Q

the mucous membrane lining the womb, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo.

A

Endometrium

51
Q

any of several steroid hormones produced chiefly by the ovaries and responsible for promoting oestrus and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.

A

Estrogen

52
Q

a form of fertilization in which a sperm cell is united with an egg cell external to the bodies of the reproducing individuals.

A

External fertilization

53
Q

the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes.

A

Gametogenesis

54
Q

a hormone produced by the placenta that maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

55
Q

when fertilization takes place inside the female body.

A

Internal fertilization

56
Q

the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants.

A

Meiosis

57
Q

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, it is typical of ordinary tissue growth.

A

Mitosis

58
Q

the process of formation of female gametes.

A

Oogenesis

59
Q

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the womb during labour.

A

Oxytocin

60
Q

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the foetus through the umbilical cord.

A

Placenta

61
Q

an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm.

A

Polyspermy

62
Q

a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta that acts to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

63
Q

any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testes which are the sites where spermatozoa mature.

A

Seminiferous tubules

64
Q

the production or development of mature spermatozoa.

A

Spermatogenesis

Biology (12 decks)

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